Effects of mobile phone application combined with or without self‐monitoring of blood glucose on glycemic control in patients with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Aims/Introduction: There is potential for mobile applications to deliver new self‐management interventions for chronic disease, especially in diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a mobile phone application (MPA) combined with or without self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods: The study was a 24‐week period, four‐arm parallel group, non‐blinded, randomized trial. A total of 185 patients with mean age of 52 years were randomized to group A (no MPA and no SMBG), group B (SMBG only), group C (MPA only) and group D (both MPA and SMBG were used). Changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose and 1,5‐anhydroglucitol from baseline to week 24 were analyzed. Results: At 24 weeks, the HbA1c levels in patients of all groups decreased significantly from baseline. There were significant differences in the proportions of patients that achieved HbA1c <7% between groups, especially in group C and group D, compared with group A at week 24 (60.4%, 62.2% vs 25.5%, all P < 0.05). 1,5‐Anhydroglucitol changes were obvious in group A and group C at week 24 from baseline (all P < 0.05 within groups). Factorial analysis of anova showed that MPA intervention was the main effective factor for HbA1c change ( F = 4.59, P = 0.034), and there was no effect on HbA1c change for SMBG intervention ( P = 0.975). Conclusions: Implementation of the MPA, Diabetes‐Carer, is effective in improving the proportion of HbA1c <7% in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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The remaining 4 papers did not specify the type of DM or included a mix of DM types, with 256 patients in the intervention groups and 124 in the control groups.
“The remaining 4 papers did not specify the type of DM they looked at or included a mix of DM types (256 patients in the intervention groups and 124 patients in the control groups) [66-69].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Yu et al reported on fasting plasma glucose (48 intervention, 47 usual care), but found no significant differences between groups (P>.05).
“Yu et al [68] reported on fasting plasma glucose (48 patients in the app intervention group and 47 patients in the usual care group), but they found no significant differences between the groups (P>.05).”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Yu et al reported a significant difference regarding the proportion of participants reaching the goal of HbA1c ≤7%, with use of the app as the decisive factor (P<.05).
“The study by Yu et al [68] did not show a significant difference in HbA1c between the groups (P>.05), but a significant difference was reported regarding the proportion of participants reaching the goal of HbA1c ≤7%, with use of the app as the decisive factor (P<.05).”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Of the included studies that did not specify the DM type, one found an increase in the proportion of participants with HbA1c <7%.
“and the other study found an increase in the proportion of participants with HbA1c <7% [68].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Yu et al did not show a significant difference in HbA1c between groups (P>.05).
“The study by Yu et al [68] did not show a significant difference in HbA1c between the groups (P>.05), but a significant difference was reported regarding the proportion of participants reaching the goal of HbA1c ≤7%, with use of the app as the decisive factor (P<.05).”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
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“A study conducted in China (18) used a mobile phone application (MPA) combined with or without self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes.”
BackgroundInfluentialAsakura, E., Brain, D., Senanayake, S. J., & Barnett, A. G. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.62883
Akoit, E. E., Efendi, F., Dewi, Y. S., Tonapa, S. I., & Koa, A. J. A. F. (2024) · Kontakt · doi:10.32725/kont.2024.036
“The Diabetes-Carer application demonstrated a decrease in HbA1c levels after 24 weeks of intervention (Yu et al., 2019).”
Alkharis, V. Z., Asiandi, Supriyadi, & Purwandari, R. (2024) · Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental · doi:10.24857/rgsa.v18n10-269
“The application analysis stage is to observe several official diabetes applications on the Google Playstore to find out the characteristics of the android application and the system used by the application(Yu et al., 2019).”
MethodThiagarajan, N., Tan, H. C., CHANDRAN, S. R., Lee, P. C., Chin, Y. A., Zeng, W., Ho, E. T. L., Carmody, D., Goh, S., & Bee, Y. M. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.68914
Thiagarajan, N., Tan, H. C., CHANDRAN, S. R., Lee, P. C., Chin, Y. A., Zeng, W., Ho, E. T. L., Carmody, D., Goh, S., & Bee, Y. M. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/68914
“The degree of HbA 1c improvement in our study was comparable to studies on smartphone-based diabetes management platforms [15,18,22] and a larger trial on an automated insulin titration system [19].”
Wu, F., Lin, C., Lin, C., Sun, J., & Juang, J. (2025) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22452
Ye, X., Liu, R., Che, S., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Jiang, Y., Luo, X., & Xie, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26757466
Self-citationGohardehi, F., Ghanami, B., Silakhor, M., & Sobhanian, P. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72116
Aboye, G. T., Gebremichael, E. H., Simegn, G. L., & Aerts, J. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/87110
“Moreover, a growing body of evidence highlights their potential to enable continuous patient interaction, real-time feedback, and individualized support [17,18].”
Senarath, U., Katulanda, P., Kalupahana, N. S., Partheepan, K., & Dibley, M. J. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.10.09.26365168
- Authors
- Yu, Y., Yan, Q., Li, H., Li, H., Wang, L., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Xu, L., Tang, Z., Yan, X., Chen, Y., He, H., Chen, J., & Feng, B.
- Affiliations
- Tongji University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Feng, Bo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Investigation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-03-19
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1365-1371
- ISSN
- 2040-1116 (ISSN-L)
- 2040-1124
- PMC
- PMC6717828
- OpenAlex
- W2919041142
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 11.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Investigation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Key Specialty Construction Project of Pudong Health and Family Planning Commission of Shanghai (PWZz2017-12)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- mobile application, diabetes self-management, self-monitoring of blood glucose, glycemic control, type 2 diabetes, HbA1c, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, digital health interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Quality of Life, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Biomarkers, Mobile Applications
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