Do Mobile Phone Applications Improve Glycemic Control (HbA1c) in the Self-management of Diabetes? A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and GRADE of 14 Randomized Trials
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of mobile phone applications (apps) on glycemic control (HbA1c) in the self-management of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Relevant studies that were published between 1 January 1996 and 1 June 2015 were searched from five databases: Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase. Randomized controlled trials that evaluated diabetes apps were included. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) of the evidence. RESULTS: Participants from 14 studies (n = 1,360) were included and quality assessed. Although there may have been clinical diversity, all type 2 diabetes studies reported a reduction in HbA1c. The mean reduction in participants using an app compared with control was 0.49% (95% Cl 0.30, 0.68; I2 = 10%), with a moderate GRADE of evidence. Subgroup analyses indicated that younger patients were more likely to benefit from the use of diabetes apps, and the effect size was enhanced with health care professional feedback. There was inadequate data to describe the effectiveness of apps for type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Apps may be an effective component to help control HbA1c and could be considered as an adjuvant intervention to the standard self-management for patients with type 2 diabetes. Given the reported clinical effect, access, and nominal cost of this technology, it is likely to be effective at the population level. The functionality and use of this technology need to be standardized, but policy and guidance are anticipated to improve diabetes self-management care.
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For the few diabetes apps that have been studied, they significantly reduce HbA1c by an average 0.49%.
“For the few that have, they significantly reduce glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by an average 0.49% [4].”
From One drop | Mobile on iPhone and apple watch: an evaluation of hbA1c improvement associated with tracking self-care (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results report a mean HbA1c reduction of 0.49% versus control for app users with type 2 diabetes, and the Type 2 Diabetes section reports that this reduction was statistically significant (pages not specified). The claim does not limit its statement to type 2 diabetes; the paper reports inadequate data to establish effectiveness for type 1 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Hou, C., Carter, B., Hewitt, J., Francisa, T., & Mayor, S.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carter, Ben
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2016-10-11
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2089-2095
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2536295516
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cardiff University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- mobile application, diabetes self-management, glycemic control, HbA1c, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, digital health interventions, young patients
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Self Care, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Disease Management, Cell Phone, Mobile Applications
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