The Nutritional Role of Flavored and White Milk in the Diets of Children
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Some schools are removing flavored milk from lunchrooms based on the perception that consumption has a negative impact on the overall dietary quality. The goal of this study was to assess the contribution of flavored and white milk in the diets of children. METHODS: Intake data from children 2 to 18 years (N = 7332) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003‐2006 were obtained from in‐person 24‐hour dietary recalls. Mean ± standard error of energy and nutrients were determined. RESULTS: Flavored and white milk contributed, respectively, 2‐6% of total energy consumed, 3‐12% of saturated fats, 1‐3% of sodium, and 4‐0% of added sugars. The percent contribution of white milk to intakes of vitamin A (21%), vitamin D (54%), calcium (29%), potassium (17%), magnesium (12%), and phosphorus (19%) exceeded 10% of total intake. Consumption of flavored milk contributed a smaller percentage to total intake. For total dairy consumed the percent contribution to intake of vitamins A and D, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus ranged from 19% to 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Milk has an important nutritional role in the diets of children. More research is needed to understand the barriers to consuming milk and potential unintended nutrition consequences of removing flavored milk from the lunchrooms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nutrition standards limiting fat content may have had the unintended consequences of decreasing consumption and increasing waste.
“While improving the nutritional profile of the milk meal component, nutrition standards limiting fat content may have had the unintended consequences of decreasing consumption and increasing waste (47,66,67) .”
From ‘It's just so much waste.’ A qualitative investigation of food waste in a universal free School Breakfast Program (2015) · cites this paper as [67]
Cites
Moshfegh, A. J., Rhodes, D. G., Baer, D. J., Murayi, T., Clemens, J. C., Rumpler, W. V., Paul, D. R., Sebastian, R. S., Kuczynski, K. J., Ingwersen, L. A., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.324 · Cited by 1,988 · see citing works
The USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method Accurately Estimates Group Total Energy and Nutrient Intake
Blanton, C. A., Moshfegh, A. J., Baer, D. J., & Kretsch, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.10.2594 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Americans Do Not Meet Federal Dietary Recommendations
Krebs-Smith, S. M., Guenther, P. M., Subar, A. F., Kirkpatrick, S. I., & Dodd, K. W. (2010) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.124826 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Dietary variety increases the probability of nutrient adequacy among adults.
Foote, J. A., Murphy, S. P., Wilkens, L., Basiotis, P., & Carlson, A. C. (2004) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/134.7.1779 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Optimizing Bone Health and Calcium Intakes of Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Greer, F. R., & Krebs, N. F. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2822 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Gibson, S. A., & Williams, S. A. (1999) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000016503 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Barr, S. I., McCarron, D. A., Heaney, R. P., Dawson‐Hughes, B., Berga, S. L., Stern, J. S., & Oparil, S. (2000) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(00)00236-4 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Deshmukh-Taskar, P., Nicklas, T. A., Yang, S.-J., & Berenson, G. S. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.11.004 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationFulgoni, V. L. I., Nicholls, J., Reed, A., Buckley, R. B., Kafer, K., Huth, P. J., DiRienzo, D. B., & Miller, G. D. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.11.007 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationMurphy, M. M., Douglass, J. S., Johnson, R. K., & Spence, L. (2008) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.004 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Role of Dairy in Meeting the Recommendations for Shortfall Nutrients in the American Diet
Nicklas, T. A., O’Neil, C. E., & Fulgoni, V. L. I. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719807 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, R. K., Frary, C. D., & Wang, M. Q. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90192-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Weinberg, L. G., Berner, L. A., & Groves, J. E. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.03.017 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Americans are not meeting current calcium recommendations
Ma, J., Johns, R. A., & Stafford, R. S. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1361 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Rajeshwari, R., Nicklas, T. A., Yang, S.-J., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.06.024 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren’s Dairy Intake in the United States: Too Little, Too Fat?
Kranz, S., Lin, P., & Wagstaff, D. A. (2007) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.067 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
O’Neil, C. E., Nicklas, T. A., Zanovec, M. T., & Fulgoni, V. L. I. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-17 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationMilk, flavoured milk products and caries
Levine, R. S. (2001) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4801080 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Thompson, F. E., & Subar, A. F. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012193155-1/50003-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Affenito, S. G., Thompson, D., Franko, D. L., Striegel‐Moore, R. H., Daniels, S. R., BARTON, B. A., Schreiber, G. B., Schmidt, M., & Crawford, P. B. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.04.014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Predictors of Milk Consumption in a Population of 17- to 35-Year-Old Military Personnel
Klesges, R. C., HARMON-CLAYTON, K., Ward, K. D., et al. (1999) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00195-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
School Children's Consumption of Lower-Calorie Flavored Milk: A Plate Waste Study
Yon, B. A., Johnson, R. K., & Stickle, T. R. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.09.011 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effect of a flavored milk option in a school lunch program
Guthrie, H. A. (1977) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)40841-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blondin, S. A., Djang, H. C., Metayer, N., Anzman-Frasca, S., & Economos, C. D. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014002948 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nicklas, T. A., O'Neil, C. E., & Fulgoni, V. L.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nicklas, Theresa A.
- Venue
- Journal of School Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-09-11
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 728-733
- ISSN
- 0022-4391 (ISSN-L)
- 1746-1561
- OpenAlex
- W2037936500
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of School Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- flavored milk, children's diet, dairy consumption, nutrient intake, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, saturated fat, added sugars, school meals
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Dairy Products, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Services, Humans, Male, Milk, Nutritive Value, Taste, United States, Dietary Sucrose
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
