Stimulus control for insomnia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Stimulus control (SC) is commonly viewed as an evidence‐based treatment for insomnia, but it has not been evaluated comprehensively with modern review and meta‐analytic techniques. The aim of the current study was thus to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of trials that examine the efficacy of stimulus control for insomnia. A systematic search for eligible articles and dissertations was conducted in six online bibliographic databases. The 11 included studies, with the majority published between 1978 and 1998, were randomised controlled and experimental studies in adults, comparing stimulus control for insomnia with passive and active comparators and assessing insomnia symptoms as outcomes. A random effects model was used to determine the standardised mean difference Hedge's g at post‐treatment and follow‐up for three sleep diary measures: the number of awakenings, sleep onset latency, and total sleep time. A test for heterogeneity was conducted, forest plots were produced, the risk of publication bias was estimated, and the study quality was assessed. In the trials identified, stimulus control resulted in small to large improvements on sleep onset latency and total sleep time, relative to passive comparators ( g = 0.38–0.85). Compared with active comparators, the improvements following stimulus control were negligible ( g = 0.06–0.30). Although methodological uncertainties were observed in the included trials, stimulus control appears to be an efficacious treatment for insomnia when compared with passive comparators and with similar effects to active comparators. More robust studies are, however, warranted before stronger conclusions are possible to infer.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Altered default mode network-salience network coupling and limbic-prefrontal hyperconnectivity are implicated during periods of sleep anticipation and rumination.
“Recent neuroimaging studies also implicate altered default mode network (DMN)-salience network coupling and limbic-prefrontal hyperconnectivity during periods of sleep anticipation and rumination [34,35].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
The discussion of stimulus control in the Abstract and §4.3 concerns sleep-related cues and treatment mechanisms, not neural connectivity. Searches for default mode–salience network coupling, limbic–prefrontal hyperconnectivity, neuroimaging, sleep anticipation, and rumination found no passage addressing the attributed claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554 · see citing works
Conducting Meta-Analyses in <i>R</i> with the <b>metafor</b> Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464 · see citing works
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225 · see citing works
Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research
Bastien, C. (2001) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4 · Cited by 8,067 · cited 3× · see citing works
“It is also noteworthy that generic insomnia scales, such as the Insomnia Severity Index (Bastien et al., 2001), were only used in one of the included studies, due to that extant insomnia scales were not available when the large majority of stimulus control part, it is easy to view stimulus control as an integral compo…”
MethodSystematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care
Tacconelli, E. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70065-7 · Cited by 3,237 · see citing works
Defining empirically supported therapies.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.1.7 · Cited by 3,067 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In 1999, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) (Morin et al., 1999) identified 12 studies investigating the efficacy of stimulus control and stated, based on the criteria developed by the American Psychological Association (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), that stimulus control is an empirically supported interventi…”
MethodDefining empirically supported therapies.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.7 · Cited by 3,067 · see citing works
Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields
Kmet, L. M., Cook, L. S., & Lee, R. C. (2004) · University of Alberta Library · doi:10.7939/r37m04f16 · Cited by 1,682 · see citing works
Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: update of the recent evidence (1998-2004)
Morin, C. M., Bootzin, R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.11.1398 · Cited by 1,345 · see citing works
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., Rothstein, H. R., & Den, A. B. V. (2020) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2020.15.2.121 · Cited by 1,259 · see citing works
Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hertenstein, E., Feige, B., Gmeiner, T., Kienzler, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Palagini, L., Rücker, G., Riemann, D., et al. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006 · Cited by 1,201 · see citing works
Self-citationNonpharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia
Morin, C. M., Hauri, P. J., Espie, C. A., Spielman, A. J., Buysse, D. J., & Bootzin, R. R. (1999) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.8.1134 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Progress in behavior modification
Rachman, S. (1984) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90019-6 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Morin, C. M., Drake, C. L., Harvey, A. G., Krystal, A. D., Manber, R., Riemann, D., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.26 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis
Sofi, F., Cesari, F., Casini, A., Macchi, C., Abbate, R., & Gensini, G. F. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312460020 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Cognitive and behavioral therapies in the treatment of insomnia: A meta-analysis
van Straten, A., van der Zweerde, T., Kleiboer, A., Cuijpers, P., Morin, C. M., & Lancee, J. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.02.001 · Cited by 676 · cited 3× · see citing works
“This latter, the expanded stimulus control framework has over the years been the most often used in trials investigating the efficacy of multicomponent cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) (van Straten et al., 2018).”
MethodInfluentialCumming, G., & Finch, S. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164401614002 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Daley, M. M. R., Morin, C. M., LeBlanc, M., Grégoire, J., Savard, J., & Baillargeon, L. (2008) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.04.005 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Insomnia disorder: State of the science and challenges for the future
Riemann, D. W., Benz, F., Dressle, R. J., Espie, C. A., Johann, A. F., Blanken, T. F., Leerssen, J., Wassing, R., Henry, A. L., Kyle, S. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13604 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Hankin, B., Fraley, R. C., Lahey, B. B., & Waldman, I. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.96 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Sleep hygiene education as a treatment of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chung, K.-F., Lee, C.-T., Yeung, W.-F., Chan, M.-S., Chung, E. W.-Y., & Lin, W.-L. (2018) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmx122 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Edinger, J. D., Arnedt, J. T., Bertisch, S. M., Carney, C. E., Harrington, J. J., Lichstein, K. L., Sateia, M. J., Troxel, W. M., Zhou, E. S., Kazmi, U., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8988 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Bootzin, R. R., Epstein, D. R., & Wood, J. M. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9586-8_2 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Stimulus Control Treatment for Insomnia
Bootzin, R. R. (1973) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e465522008-198 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis
VAN OS, J., GILVARRY, C., BALE, R., VAN HORN, E., TATTAN, T., WHITE, I., & MURRAY ON BEHALF OF THE UK700 GROUP, R. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798008162 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
The evidence base of sleep restriction therapy for treating insomnia disorder
Miller, C. B., Espie, C. A., Epstein, D. R., Friedman, L., Morin, C. M., Pigeon, W. R., Spielman, A. J., & Kyle, S. D. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.01.006 · Cited by 192 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The items are in line with recommendations from the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination for systematic reviews (Akers et al., 2009) and with previous trial assessment approaches in the area of insomnia disorder (Miller et al., 2014; Morin et al., 2006).”
MethodBehavioral Treatments for Insomnia
Bootzin, R. R., & Nicassio, P. M. (1978) · Progress in behavior modification · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-535606-0.50007-9 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Emerging research on the treatment and etiology of secondary or comorbid insomnia
Stepanski, E. J., & Rybarczyk, B. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.08.002 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Behavioral and cognitive treatments of geriatric insomnia.
Morin, C. M., & Azrin, N. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.5.748 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Turner, R. M., & Ascher, L. M. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.47.3.500 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Behavioral and cognitive treatments of geriatric insomnia.
Morin, C. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.5.748 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A controlled comparative investigation of psychological treatments for chronic sleep-onset insomnia.
Espie, C. A., Lindsay, W. R., Brooks, D., Hood, E. M., & Turvey, T. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90123-x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Insomnia—A risk factor for mental disorders
Hertenstein, E., Benz, F., Schneider, C. L., & Baglioni, C. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13930 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Epstein, D. R., Sidani, S., Bootzin, R. R., & Belyea, M. J. (2012) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1878 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The effectiveness of three behavioral treatments for different degrees of sleep onset insomnia
Lacks, P. B., Bertelson, A. D., Gans, L. L., & Kunkel, J. (1983) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(83)80052-5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Harris, J. K., Lack, L. C., Kemp, K., Wright, H., & Bootzin, R. R. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1584 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Stimulus control and imagery training in treating sleep-maintenance insomnia.
Morin, C. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1987) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.55.2.260 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Analysis of stimulus control treatment of sleep-onset insomnia.
Zwart, C. A., & Lisman, S. A. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.47.1.113 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The treatment of sleep-maintenance insomnia with stimulus-control techniques
Lacks, P. B., Bertelson, A. D., Sugerman, J. L., & Kunkel, J. (1983) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(83)90211-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Is sleep hygiene a sufficient treatment for sleep-maintenance insomnia?
Schoicket, S. L., Bertelson, A. D., & Lacks, P. B. (1988) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(88)80041-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Short-term stimulus control treatment of insomnia in older adults
Puder, R. S., Lacks, P. B., Bertelson, A. D., & Storandt, M. (1983) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(83)80104-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Clinical geropsychology : new directions in assessment and treatment
Lewinsohn, P. M., & Teri, L. L. (1983) · Pergamon Press eBooks · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Randall, C., Nowakowski, S., & Ellis, J. G. (2018) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1518227 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Stimulus control and imagery training in treating sleep-maintenance insomnia.
Morin, C. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1987) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.55.2.260 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A Comparison of the Efficacy of Stimulus Control for Medicated and Nonmedicated Insomniacs
Riedel, B. W., Lichstein, K. L., Peterson, B. A., Epperson, M. T., Means, M. K., & Aguillard, R. N. (1998) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455980221001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Effects of self-control procedures for insomnia
Bootzin, R. R. (1979) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Denis, D., Eley, T. C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Zavos, H. M. S., Keers, R., Espie, C. A., Luik, A. I., Badini, I., Derveeuw, S., Hodsoll, J. P., et al. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.10.007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Analysis of stimulus control treatment of sleep-onset insomnia.
Zwart, C. A., & Lisman, S. A. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.47.1.113 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Swift, N., Stewart, R. J., Andiappan, M., Smith, A. B., Espie, C. A., & Brown, J. S. L. (2011) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00940.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Davidson, J. R., Aimé, A., Ivers, H., & Morin, C. M. (2009) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402000802577769 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Comparing the Effects of Single‐ and Multiple‐Component Therapies for Insomnia on Sleep Outcomes
Sidani, S., Epstein, D. R., Fox, M. T., & Collins, L. J. (2019) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12367 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Paradoxical intention for insomnia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Alfonsson, S., Bohman, B., Rozental, A., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13464 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationInsomnia: Effects of EMG biofeedback, relaxation training, and stimulus control.
Hughes, R. C., & Hughes, H. (1978) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Goodhines, P. A., Svingos, A. M., Gerish, S., Park, A., & Gellis, L. A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2109031 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bootzin, R. R., Epstein, D., & Wood, J. M. (1991). Stimulus control instruc- tions. In P. J. Hauri (Ed.), Case studies in insomnia (pp. 19-28). Springer.
- Simon, M., & Duran, M. (1994). Behavioural therapy for sleep onset insom- nia: Dependence of its effectiveness on the severity and duration of the disorder. Medical Science Research, 22(1), 73-76.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Network meta-analysis examining efficacy of components of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia
Steinmetz, L., Simon, L., Feige, B., Riemann, D. W., Johann, A. F., Ell, J., Ebert, D. D., Baumeister, H., Benz, F., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102507 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effects of sleep hygiene education for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ruan, J. Y., Liu, Q., Chung, K. F., Ho, K. Y., & Yeung, W. F. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102109 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mei, Z., Cai, C., Luo, S., Zhang, Y., Lam, C., & Luo, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1413694 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Future of Insomnia Research—There's Still Work to Be Done
Dressle, R. J., Spiegelhalder, K., Schiel, J. E., Benz, F., Johann, A. F., Feige, B., Jernelöv, S., Perlis, M. L., & Riemann, D. W. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70091 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Novel psychotherapies for insomnia
Angelillo, M., Lancee, J., & Hertenstein, E. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14470 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Integrative sleep management: from molecular pathways to conventional and herbal treatments
Ebrahim, Y. M., Sadek, M. A., Sabry, M. O., Lotfy, R., El-Dessouki, A. M., Abou-Hussein, D. R., El-Shiekh, R. A., & ElBishbishy, R. M. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04183-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Meng, W., Mingqiang, W., Junyang, Z., Bin, P., Wu, Q., & Chao, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1663585 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Park, S., Lim, E., Lee, D., & Lee, Y.-J. (2024) · Kosin Medical Journal · doi:10.7180/kmj.24.153 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effects of Smartphone Use on Sleep and Mental Health in Young Adults: Going Beyond Self‐Report
Bild, E., Rossa, K. R., Edmed, S. L., Pattinson, C. L., Mann, D., Sullivan, K. A., Salmon, P. M., Gadam, S., Srinivasan, A. G., & Smith, S. S. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/3249012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Finally, using smartphones in bed may also establish an association between being in bed and wakefulness, rather than sleep [13].”
Fiori, V., Lombardo, C., Baglioni, C., & Ballesio, A. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102339 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Amalia, I., & Asih, S. R. (2024) · Journal Psikogenesis · doi:10.24854/jps.v11i2.4364 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Investigating the Effectiveness of CBT-i Coach, a Free, Publicly Available mHealth App for Insomnia
Dolezal, M. L., Wielgosz, J., Miller, K. E., Taylor, K. L., Owen, J. E., & Kuhn, E. R. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00459-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Germain, A., Wolfson, M. D., Brock, M. S., O’Reilly, B., Hearn, H., Knowles, S., Mysliwiec, V., & Wallace, M. L. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07686-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Stimulus control aims to limit the use of the sleep environment (bed, bedroom) to sleep and directly addresses behaviors that disrupt circadian sleep–wake regulation mechanisms [42–44].”
BackgroundLeckey, J., Dagher, A., & Lee‐Baggley, D. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.10.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Focus on insomnia and sleep in mothers, children and adolescents!
Riemann, D. W. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14129 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice.
Song, S., Irfan, M., Tahir, Z., Garrison, K. A., & Ziskind, S. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00370-2
Fidler, A. L., Dyk, T. R. V., Simmons, D. M., Decker, K. M., & Byars, K. C. (2025) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2025.2506446
Furukawa, Y., Salahuddin, N. H., Mao, J., Bighelli, I., & Leucht, S. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.083
Paradoxal intention vid insomni: En ögonöppnare för snabbare sömn?
Norell‐Clarke, A. (2025) · Sömn och Hälsa · doi:10.59526/soh.14.48697
Self-citationChung, S., & Krakow, B. J. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.108741
Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A. F., & Benz, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11824-0_14
An app responding to behavior of people to promote mental wellbeing in anxious youth
Hagalwadi, J., Sutherland, D., Dölek, S., Marin-Dragu, S., Bagnell, A. L., Wozney, L., Orji, R., & Sandra, M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121503
Angelillo, M., Schneider, C. L., Krieger, T., Berger, T., Fehér, K. D., Henckaerts, P., Nissen, C., & Hertenstein, E. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2026.100586
Wright, I. D., Crandall, G., Baldwin, S. A., & Duraccio, K. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2026.1731331
Behavioral Management of Chronic Insomnia: Foundations, Mechanisms, and Clinical Application
Cuddihy, L. J., Boyle, J. T., Nowakowski, S., Buda, K., Perlis, M. L., & Muench, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29009-1.00139-6
Non-pharmacological correlates of insomnia among university lecturers in Nigeria
Ogabor, J. O., Osaji, N., Apie, M. A., Mohammed, S., Essien, E. S., Ukpata, C. O., Odok, E. A., Udida, J. U., Ogar, E., Eyam, D. E., et al. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02454-4
“A 2023 meta-analysis of standalone stimulus control trials found small-to-large improvements in sleep onset latency and total sleep time versus passive controls, with effects comparable to active behavioural comparators, despite methodological limitations [46].”
Bedtime Audiobook Listening Motives and Insomnia Status: Survey Study
Berglund, K., Meth, E. M. S., Xue, P., & Benedict, C. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/95064
“On the other hand, stimulus control interventions traditionally aim to strengthen the association between the bed and sleep while minimizing reliance on external aids or activities to initiate sleep [4,24].”
Espie, C. A., Tse, K. Y. K., & Malaffo, M. (2026) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2026.2724278
- Authors
- Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Nordenstam, L., Alfonsson, S., Bohman, B., Rozental, A., & Norell‐Clarke, A.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Kristianstad University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Jansson‐Fröjmark, Markus
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-07-27
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e14002-e14002
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- OpenAlex
- W4385295470
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Örebro University Library (Örebro University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digitala vetenskapliga arkivet (Diva) (Karlstad University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Karolinska Institutet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- stimulus control, insomnia, sleep latency, total sleep time, awakening, sleep hygiene, sleep disorder treatment, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Sleep Latency, Adult, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
