Population genomic analyses reveal population structure and major hubs of invasive Anopheles stephensi in the Horn of Africa
Open accessAbstract
Anopheles stephensi invasion in the Horn of Africa (HoA) poses a substantial risk of increased malaria disease burden in the region. An understanding of the history of introduction(s), establishment(s) and potential A. stephensi sources in the HoA is needed to predict future expansions and establish where they may be effectively controlled. To this end, we take a landscape genomic approach to assess A. stephensi origins and spread throughout the HoA, information essential for vector control. Specifically, we assayed 2070 genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms across 214 samples spanning 13 populations of A. stephensi from Ethiopia and Somaliland collected in 2018 and 2020, respectively. Principal component and genetic ancestry analyses revealed clustering that followed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern, with genetic divergence among the Ethiopian samples significantly correlating with geographical distance. Additionally, genetic relatedness was observed between the northeastern and east central Ethiopian A. stephensi populations and the Somaliland A. stephensi populations. These results reveal population differentiation and genetic connectivity within HoA A. stephensi populations. Furthermore, based on genetic network analysis, we uncovered that Dire Dawa, the site of a spring 2022 malaria outbreak, was one of the major hubs from which sequential founder events occurred in the rest of the eastern Ethiopian region. These findings can be useful for the selection of sites for heightened control to prevent future malaria outbreaks. Finally, we did not detect significant genotype–environmental associations, potentially due to the recency of their colonization and/or other anthropogenic factors leading to the initial spread and establishment of A. stephensi. Our study highlights how coupling genomic data at landscape levels can shed light into even ongoing invasions.
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Aden City shares similarities with locations where An. stephensi is well established and which serve as major hubs for its onward spread across the Horn of Africa.
“Aden City shares some similarities with locations where An. stephensi is now well established, which serve as major hubs for its onward spread across the HoA [8].”
From Sequencing confirms Anopheles stephensi distribution across southern Yemen (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The Results (Genetic network; page unavailable) identify Dire Dawa as a major An. stephensi hub among the studied Horn of Africa populations, and the Discussion describes possible outward dispersal from the region. The paper does not compare Aden City with those locations, and it presents the dispersal pathways as suggested rather than established. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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A decade of invasive Anopheles stephensi sequence-based identification: toward a global standard
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Self-citationSequencing confirms Anopheles stephensi distribution across southern Yemen
Baheshm, Y. A., Zayed, A., Awash, A. A., Follis, M., Terreri, P., Samake, J. N., Aljasari, A., Harwood, J. F., Lenhart, A., Zohdy, S., et al. (2024) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06601-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Aden City shares some similarities with locations where An. stephensi is now well established, which serve as major hubs for its onward spread across the HoA [8].”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Samake, J. N., Lavretsky, P., Gunarathna, I., Follis, M., Brown, J. I., Ali, S., Yared, S., & Carter, T. E.
- Affiliations
- Baylor University (US)
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- West Texas A&M University (US)
- Wasaaradda Caafimaadka (SO)
- Jigjiga University (ET)
- Corresponding author
- Carter, Tamar E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-10-05
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 5695-5708
- ISSN
- 0962-1083 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-294X
- PMC
- PMC12822364
- OpenAlex
- W4387357996
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Ecology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Baylor University
- National Institutes of Health (Research Enhancement Award (R15AI151766))
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- Anopheles stephensi, invasive mosquito species, population structure, invasion history, malaria vectors, genetic connectivity, founder events, isolation by distance, genetic ancestry, landscape genomics, genotype-environment association, vector control, Ethiopia, Somaliland, Dire Dawa, malaria outbreak
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Ethiopia, Humans, Malaria, Genomics, Gene Regulatory Networks, Metagenomics
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