The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fear and hope in an age of mass automation: debating the future of work
Abstract
Alternative perspectives from economics and political economy now agree that work is set to disappear through the impact of mass automation. Some worry about the negative effects on unemployment and inequality, while others see the opportunity to extend free time. This paper confronts and criticises these perspectives. It addresses previous visions of an automated (‘workless’) future presented by Marx and Keynes and shows the enduring barriers to working less in capitalist society. It then questions whether work will be reduced by technological progress; rather, it argues that work will likely persist, despite and indeed because of the wider use of new technology. The threat to workers from technology is seen to come more from the erosion in the quality of work than from the loss of work. The paper argues that a better future for work and workers ultimately depends on broader changes in ownership.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“papers adopting a critical approach to the development and implementation of AI, and its implications for work and employment that build on existing work published in NTWE (e.g., Spencer 2018; Upchurch 2018; Lloyd and Payne 2019;Howcroft and Taylor 2023) are not yet commonplace.”
From Reflecting on 40 Years of New Technology, Work and Employment: Insights From the Current Editors on the Past and Prospects for the Future (2026) · cites this paper as Spencer 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019 · Cited by 8,727
The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries
Weeks, K. (2011) · doi:10.1215/9780822394723 · Cited by 1,166
Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Acemoglu D.andP.Restrepo(2017) ‘Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets’ NBER Working paper no. 23285. · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/ntwe.12038 · DOI · Paper page
- Brynjolfsson E., 2014, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies
- Coote A., 2010, 21 Hours: Why a Shorter Working Week can help us All to Flourish in the 21st Century
- 10.1111/j.1467-6435.2006.00337.x · DOI
- Ford M., 2015, The Rise of the Robots. Technology and the Threat of Mass Unemployment
- Frey C., 2015, Technology at Work
- 10.4337/roke.2014.02.03 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/s00191-015-0426-4 · DOI
- 10.1007/s10551-008-9698-z · DOI
- Gorz A., 1985, Paths to Paradise: On the Liberation from Work
- Green F., 2006, Demanding Work. The Paradox of Job Quality in the Affluent Economy
- Hermann C., 2014, Capitalism and the Political Economy of Work Time, 10.4324/9781315745770 · DOI
- Hunnicutt B., 1988, Work without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right to Work
- Huws U., 2014, Labor in the Global Digital Economy
- 10.1111/ejop.12209 · DOI
- Keynes J., 1930, Essays in Persuasion, 358
- Lafargue P., 1893, The Right to Be Lazy: Being a Refutation of the “Right to Work” of 1848
- 10.1787/9789264189980-en · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1080/00220387608421586 · DOI
- Marx K., 1978, The Marx‐Engels Reader, 523
- 10.3406/genes.1992.1105 · DOI
- Mason P., 2015, Postcapitalism. A Guide to Our Future
- 10.2307/590714 · DOI
- Russell B., 1932, In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays (1935), 11
- 10.1521/siso.2005.69.4.606 · DOI
- Skidelsky R., 2012, How much is enough? Money and the Good Life
- Spencer D. A., 2009, The Political Economy of Work
- 10.1111/kykl.12054 · DOI
- 10.1177/0950017016645716 · DOI
- Srnicek N., 2015, Inventing the Future. Postcapitalism and a World without Work
Cited by
Bankins, S., Ocampo, A. C., Marrone, M., Restubog, S. L. D., & Woo, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2735 · Cited by 799
Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences
Deranty, J.-P., & Corbin, T. (2024) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01496-x · Cited by 118
“A number of authors consider AI specifically as a form of capitalistic innovation, and show that the logic of capitalism dictates that work is a long way from becoming obsolete (Spencer 2018).”
The Potential Implications of Autonomous Vehicles in and around the Workplace
Pettigrew, S., Fritschi, L., & Norman, R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15091876 · Cited by 103
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Expertise Development: Implications for HRD
Ardichvili, A. (2022) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/15234223221077304 · Cited by 77
Adopting AI in the Context of Knowledge Work: Empirical Insights from German Organizations
von Richthofen, G., Ogolla, S., & Send, H. (2022) · Information · doi:10.3390/info13040199 · Cited by 33
No automation please, we’re British: technology and the prospects for work
Spencer, D., & Slater, G. (2020) · Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsaa003 · Cited by 26
Self-citationCukier, W. (2019) · Journal of Global Responsibility · doi:10.1108/jgr-11-2018-0079 · Cited by 24
Terry, E., Marks, A., Dakessian, A., & Christopoulos, D. (2022) · Work, Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017020979504 · Cited by 23
Hodder, A., Valizade, D., Hardy, K., MacKenzie, R., & Smith, A. (2026) · New Technology, Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.70054
Metadata
- Authors
- Spencer, D. A.
- ORCID
- Spencer, David A.
- Venue
- New Technology, Work and Employment
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-02-22
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0268-1072
- 1468-005X
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.