Government Openness and Public Trust: The Mediating Role of Democratic Capacity

Schmidthuber, Lisa; Ingrams, Alex; Hilgers, Dennis

doi:10.1111/puar.13298

Cited by 180E-Government and Public ServicesPublic Policy and Administration ResearchPolitical Theory and Democracy

Government Openness and Public Trust: The Mediating Role of Democratic Capacity

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Schmidthuber, Lisa, Ingrams, Alex, Hilgers, Dennis·2021·Public Administration Review

DOI 10.1111/puar.13298

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Abstract

The open government paradigm implies that public processes are becoming more transparent, public information is available online, and citizens and nongovernmental organizations are encouraged to interact with public administration through new platform‐based forms of participation and collaboration. Though these governmental efforts to open up organizational procedures to the public are meant to strengthen the relationship between citizens and the government, empirical evidence is currently sparse and mixed. This article argues that positive impacts of openness depend on citizen's democratic capacity defined as the individual sense of empowerment to influence governmental systems. By matching individual survey data from the European Social Survey with secondary institutional data, the authors investigate the relationship between individual‐ and structural‐level variables. Findings indicate that structural openness is, in general, positively associated with higher trust. Further, the effect of openness on public trust is partially mediated by an individual's perception that they have meaningful opportunities for political participation.

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Sorted by citations

Delivering for youth: How governments can put young people at the centre of the recovery
OECD (2022) · OECD policy responses to coronavirus (Covid-19) · doi:10.1787/92c9d060-en · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Building Trust to Reinforce Democracy
OECD (2022) · Building trust in public institutions · doi:10.1787/b407f99c-en · Cited by 662 · see citing works
An updated OECD framework on drivers of trust in public institutions to meet current and future challenges
Brezzi, M., González, S., Nguyen, D., & Prats, M. (2021) · OECD working papers on public governance · doi:10.1787/b6c5478c-en · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions in New Zealand
OECD (2023) · Building trust in public institutions · doi:10.1787/948accf8-en · Cited by 196 · see citing works
How does open public data impact enterprise digital transformation?
Chen, K., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2024.06.007 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Digital transparency and citizen participation: Evidence from the online crowdsourcing platform of the City of Sacramento
Zhao, B., Cheng, S., Schiff, K. J., & Kim, Y. (2023) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2023.101868 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Instaurer la confiance pour renforcer la démocratie
OCDE (2022) · Building trust in public institutions · doi:10.1787/f6a31728-fr · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Trust in public performance information: The effect of data accessibility and data source
Schmidthuber, L., Willems, J., & Krabina, B. (2022) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13603 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Trust in public institutions, inequality, and digital interaction: Empirical evidence from European Union countries
Palmisano, F., & Sacchi, A. (2023) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2023.103582 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The effects of transparency regulation on political trust and perceived corruption: Evidence from a survey experiment
Crepaz, M., & Arikan, G. (2024) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.12555 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Measuring public procurement transparency with an index: Exploring the role of e-GP systems and institutions
Khorana, S., Caram, S., & Rana, N. P. (2024) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2024.101952 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Public Trust in Open Government Data
Almuqrin, A., Mutambik, I., Alomran, A., Gauthier, J., & Abusharhah, M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159765 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Critical factors influencing information disclosure in public organisations
Romero, F. T., & Araújo, J. F. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01814-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Transparency for Participation through the Communication Approach
Rodríguez-Navas, P. M., Morales, N. M., & Lalinde, J. M. M. (2021) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi10090586 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Understanding the Factors Affecting Travel Avoidance behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From a Mixed Method Approach
Agag, G., Abdelmoety, Z. H. S., & Eid, R. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231182110 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Public trust is defined as the public expectation that the political system, or portions of it, will produce desired outcomes even in the absence of constant scrutiny (Schmidthuber et al., 2021) and many sociologists have turned their attention to this concept.”
Background
Open Government Maturity Models: A Global Comparison
Pirannejad, A., & Ingrams, A. R. (2022) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393211063107 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does performance appraisal fairness alleviate police officers’ organizational silence? -Considering the moderating effect of trust-
Jeon, D., & Jeong, J. (2024) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2024.100703 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How does government data openness affect cross-regional capital flow? Evidence from Chinese-listed firms’ off-site investment
Long, Y., Zhang, X., & Wang, L. (2025) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107289 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
¿Qué condiciones favorecen una transparencia pública efectiva? Artículo de revisión
Mendieta, M. V. (2021) · Revista de Estudios Políticos · doi:10.18042/cepc/rep.194.08 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Determinants of open government data continuance usage and value creation: A self-regulation framework analysis
Liang, Y., Cao, Y., Chen, M., Dong, H., & Wang, H. (2025) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2025.102022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
"TRUST IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND COMPLIANCE WITH MEASURES AGAINST COVID-19 PANDEMIC. CASE STUDY ON METROPOLITAN AREA OF CLUJ, ROMANIA"
Bianca Veronica, R. A. D. U. (2021) · Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.24193/tras.63e.7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The influence of openness of public organizations and social media use on e-participation: the mediating effect of trust in e-government
Abdulkareem, A. K., Abdulkareem, Z. J., Ishola, A. A., Lawan, B. M., & Oladimeji, K. A. (2022) · International Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/12294659.2022.2136054 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Our result is consistent with past studies on the importance of openness of public organizations (Evans & Campos, 2013; Liu & Luo, 2017; Schmidthuber et al., 2021; Susha et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResult
Contracting out public participation to external consultants: Observations on epistemic justice
Levin, L. (2022) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13517 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Catalyzing digital and environmental transformations by institutions in a diverse socio-economic world
Țigănașu, R., Bănică, A., & Wong, P. (2025) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107052 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Are the answers all out there? Investigating citizen information requests in the haze of bureaucratic responsiveness
Trautendorfer, J. A., Schmidthuber, L., & Hilgers, D. (2023) · Governance · doi:10.1111/gove.12805 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Planning and prioritizing of energy retrofits for the cities of the future
Cucchiella, F., & Rotilio, M. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103272 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Local Government Response to COVID-19: Revitalizing Local Democracy in Bangladesh
Hossain, A. N. M. Z. (2021) · International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · doi:10.18280/ijsdp.160410 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“It also widens the openness of the local government, fetching more transparency when communicating risk during a crisis for citizen’s cooperation is vital for democracy [46, 47].”
Background
Explaining public officials’ opinions on blockchain adoption: a vignette experiment
Cagigas, D., Clifton, J., Díaz‐Fuentes, D., Gutiérrez, M. F., Echevarría-Cuenca, J., & Gilsanz-Gómez, C. (2022) · Policy and Society · doi:10.1093/polsoc/puab022 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Softening Performance's Pitfalls by Integrating Context and Capacity: A Government Competitiveness Framework
Christensen, R. K., Im, T., & Porumbescu, G. A. (2021) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13434 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Public Trust: Indonesian Policy in Developing a New Capital City (IKN)
Rifaid, R., Rachman, M. T., Baharuddin, T., & Gohwong, S. G. (2023) · Journal of Governance and Public Policy · doi:10.18196/jgpp.v10i3.17681 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The urgency of trust is an essential aspect of a democratic system that involves the general public (Schmidthuber, Ingrams, & Hilgers, 2021; Kołczyńska, 2020) .”
Usability of transparency portals: Examination of perceptions of journalists as information seekers
Crepaz, M., & Kneafsey, L. (2021) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12777 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Making Sense of Open Government: A Conceptual Framework and Ideas for Future Research
Gil-García, J. R., Gascó‐Hernández, M., & Pardo, T. A. (2023) · Perspectives on Public Management and Governance · doi:10.1093/ppmgov/gvad005 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Defining Transparency: A Functional Approach
Romero, R. C. (2023) · JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government · doi:10.29379/jedem.v15i1.714 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Methodological approaches emphasising transparency’s E(T|A) component could be qualitatively designed to assess differences and similarities in regulatory frameworks, or to quantitatively examine its reception and impact (as in survey methodologies or through secondary data), both in paradigmatic cases; • Even when in…”
Building trust with digital democratic innovations
Mikhaylovskaya, A., & Rouméas, É. (2023) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-023-09736-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“It should not only be legitimate in its processes, but be seen as legitimate – then users and decision-makers will be able to trust the platform, which will mediate the relationship of trust (Schmidthuber et al., 2020).”
Finding common ground: Understanding and engaging with science mistrust in the Great barrier reef region
Curnock, M., Nembhard, D., Smith, R., Sambrook, K., Hobman, E. V., Mankad, A., PERT, P. L., & Chamberland, E. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308252 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Enhancing Citizen Participation: The Key To Public Service Transparency
Firman, F., Sumartono, S., Muluk, M. R. K., Setyowati, E., & Rahmawati, R. (2024) · Journal of Law and Sustainable Development · doi:10.55908/sdgs.v12i1.2937 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Public Data Elements and Enterprise Digital Transformation: A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on Open Government Data Platforms for Sustainable Urban Planning
Wang, J., Zhou, X., Ma, Y., & Choi, Y. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17104676 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For example, they have developed an assessment framework for public data openness from the viewpoint of regular citizens based on the organizational requirements and characteristics of government datasets [21] and have evaluated the World Justice Project (WJP) Index [22].”
Public data openness and urban resilience governance: evidence from China
Li, L., Zheng, Y., Ma, S., Guo, Z., & Goodsite, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Chinese Governance · doi:10.1080/23812346.2025.2596411 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A comunicação dos Tribunais de Contas e Ministérios Públicos nas redes sociais: os desafios da accountability na democracia digital
Viegas, R. R., Abrucio, F. L., Loureiro, M. R., Teixeira, M. A. C., & Borali, N. (2022) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220210320 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Reinventing of public administration in the new hybrid world
Kusumasari, B., Sajida, S., Santoso, A. D., & Fauzi, F. Z. (2023) · Teaching Public Administration · doi:10.1177/01447394231191927 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“As citizens, the target administration demonstrates an understanding of the community ’ s requirements, how problems arise, and what is required to address these issues (Chen et al., 2020; Rietbergen-McCraken, 2010; Schmidthuber et al., 2021).”
Background
Stakeholders' satisfaction assessment in heritage conservation: Case study of a project performance model for Thiruvananthapuram Fort Area, Kerala, India
Huq, S. A., & Puthuvayi, B. (2024) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2023.12.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The benefits of nonprofit reputation: Government funding, nonprofit performance, and nonprofit reputational gains
de Menezes, A. B., & Peci, A. (2023) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13669 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Governance: Struggle and Strife—Or Synergy and Success—In the Trans‐COVID Era
Hall, J. L. (2021) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13347 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Impact of Crime and Insecurity on Citizen Trust in Public Institutions: Evidence from Bangladesh
Uddin, N. (2024) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2024.2341149 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In addition, many scholars acknowledged that cultural factors may influence citizen trust in government (Catterberg & Moreno, 2006; Schmidthuber et al., 2021), however, we did not include them in the con-trol variables.”
Digital reforms in the Greek public sector: using block chain technologies and social media for open governance and value creation
Xanthopoulou, P. I., Antoniadis, I. I., & Saprikis, V. (2024) · International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing · doi:10.1007/s12208-024-00402-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Finally, legitimacy enhances public trust in the public sector and reduces illegal phenomena (Beshi and Kaur, 2019; Fedina et al., 2019; Schmidthuber et al., 2020).”
Workplace democracy and democratic legitimacy in Europe
Hassan, B. (2023) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x231161837 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The mediational roles of political interest and job satisfaction were tested through a two-step procedure in line with the extant literature (Schmidthuber et al., 2021; VanYperen et al., 1999).”
Method
Trust in public institutions in the age of disinformation
Ručinská, S., Fečko, M., & Mitaľ, O. (2023) · Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days · doi:10.1145/3603304.3604075 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fear of nothing to hide? How do Chinese people feel about privacy when facing facial recognition cameras?
Fan, Z., & Wu, J. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/23276665.2024.2398212 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Does Transparency Reach Citizens? National Accountability Mechanisms and Public Perceptions in Europe
Trautendorfer, J. A., & Eder, N. (2025) · Governance · doi:10.1111/gove.70041 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Minding the local slot: municipalities as drivers of trust in public institutions
Sabbi, M., Osei, A., Wigmore-Shepherd, D. S., & Ahlin, E. (2024) · Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines · doi:10.1080/00083968.2024.2339490 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“These few but committed individuals could constitute the necessary medium to spread information on local government openness and political participation, with consequences for political trust (see Ardanaz, Otálvaro-Ramírez, and Scartascini 2023; Schmidthuber, Ingrams, and Hilgers 2021).”
Enhancing global support to address complex sustainable development policy challenges: Learning from success in cross‐sectoral nutrition policy
Thow, A. M. (2024) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.3191 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Advanced E-Government Systems
Latchu, A., & Singh, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0817-3.ch012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Does Open Government Data Alleviate the Burden on Government Employees? Evidence From a Quasi‐Experiment in China
Wu, J. (2025) · Review of Policy Research · doi:10.1111/ropr.70068 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lobbying transparency and attitudes towards interest groups: a survey experiment
Crepaz, M. (2024) · Interest Groups & Advocacy · doi:10.1057/s41309-024-00201-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Previous literature explored the effects of education, knowledge and political interest as moderating factors of public administration and government transparency (Lind-stedt and Naurin 2010; Grimmelikhuiisen and Meijer 2014; Schmidthuber et al. 2021).”
Whether to Trust Local Government? : From the Good Governance Perspectives
Termizi, F. N. F. M., & Ridzuan, M. R. (2023) · Journal of Governance and Integrity · doi:10.15282/jgi.5.3.2022.7632 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Transparency of government healthcare websites: a predictive model based on the main public administrations of Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Spain
Ibáñez, D. B., Rodríguez-Navas, P. M., Breijo, V. R., & Morales, N. M. (2022) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2022.ene.04 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Surveys Under the Lens: How Public Administration Research Can Benefit from Citizen Survey Data
Trautendorfer, J. A., Schmidthuber, L., & Hilgers, D. (2023) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edad019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Techniques for effective government service delivery
Gegana, S., & Phahlane, M. M. (2024) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v26i1.1782 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How Does Social Media Affect Money Politics Campaign Rejection in the 2020 Regional Head General Election Social Media? A Case Study of Indonesia
Misran, M., Nurmandi, A., Mutiarin, D., Suswanta, S., & Salahudin, S. (2021) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71782-7_45 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This statement is in linewithwhat Nabatchi stated regarding public communication [31].”
Background
Data-driven hiring in firms: Evidence from the launch of Chinese public data platforms
Deng, M., Gao, J., Yuan, G., Ke, L., & Yao, J. (2025) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2025.108282 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Does Open Government Data Improve Public Service Quality? A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the Launch of Open Government Data Platforms in China
Hu, Z., & Sun, P. (2025) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2025.2567888 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, it encourages more active citizen engagement in public affairs discussions and decision-making, which contributes to improved PSQ (Schmidthuber et al., 2021).”
Does public data availability matter for entrepreneurship? Evidence from China’s government data platform access
Zhu, H., Guan, K., & Fu, M. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06111-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This will attract more venture capital and improve the external ﬁ nancing capabilities of new start-ups (Schmidthuber et al. 2021; Xing et al. 2024), signi ﬁ cantly enhancing enterprises ’ resource acquisition capacity and driving entrepreneurial activities (Qin and Kong 2022; Fang et al. 2023).”
Digital Rural Development and the Alleviation of the Urban-Rural Digital Divide: An Analysis Based on the Theory of Co-Production
Wang, W., Li, X., Cheng, M., Zhang, W., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Environmental and Sustainability Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.indic.2025.101066 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
ANÁLISE DOS FATORES EXPLICATIVOS DO RANKING DA QUALIDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO CONTÁBIL E FISCAL
Gomes, N. C., & da Silva, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Globalization Competitiveness and Governability · doi:10.3232/gcg.2022.v16.n3.05 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Trust-Based Classification in Community Policing: A Systematic Review
Otuu, O. O., Anajemba, J. H., Aguboshim, F. C., & Sahoo, D. R. (2023) · IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) · doi:10.1109/istas57930.2023.10306181 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Does the military lose public confidence without compliance with civilian control? Experimental evidence from Japan
Shinomoto, S. (2024) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433241231849 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…of participation or ‘having a say’ in the political arena leads to political confidence because such a perception is linked to an expectation that co-created services result in greater public value and a perception that the political institution is an honest partner (Schmidthuber et al., 2021).”
A Concept Analysis of Trust Within the Surrogate Decision Maker to Health Care Professional Relationship in the Adult ICU Setting
Armstrong, C. (2023) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000499 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“10,17,19,21,25,26 Trust may be misplaced, 21 and the truster may ultimately suffer harm if they have misjudged the intent of the other party.”
BackgroundInfluential
Open Government Data and Smart Nation in Singapore
Xu, C., & Chen, C. (2023) · Information Technology and Global Governance · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35863-0_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The many ways to Transparency
Romero, R. C. (2023) · Revista Española de la Transparencia · doi:10.51915/ret.286 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…term clusters and their correlations, and considering some of the main scholarly works on institutional development, governance and corruption (Naurin, 2007, Lindstedt and Naurin, 2010, Williams, 2014, Erkkilä, 2020, Schmidthuber et al., 2021), I defined the working labels for each of the topics.”
Background
The implementation of spiritual and financial accountability in Islamic boarding school
Wati, R. K., Ardini, L., & Fidiana, F. (2022) · al-Uqud Journal of Islamic Economics · doi:10.26740/aluqud.v6n1.p84-95 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Role of Open Government in Maintaining Trust in Public Administration
DEĞİRMENCİ, S. D., & USLAN, Y. U. (2023) · OPUS Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.26466/opusjsr.1296596 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kurumsal ve Sosyal Güvenin Yaşam Memnuniyetine Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme
AKYÜREK, Z., & USLAN, Y. U. (2024) · Sosyoekonomi · doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.04.14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Popular financial reporting increases understanding, interest, and trust: Experimental evidence
Yu, J., Petrovsky, N., Zhang, Z., & Schafer, J. G. (2025) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2025.2496807 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…is on the right to be informed about governmental activities, both generally (Grimmelikhuijsen 2012; Grimmelikhuijsen and Meijer 2014; Hood 2006; Schmidthuber, Ingrams, and Hilgers 2021; Wang and Guan 2023; Wei, Petrovsky, and Ni 2024) and in the budgetary area specifically (Muthomi and…”
Understanding different levels of e-participation in Spanish municipalities based on city and citizen profiles
Muñoz, L. A., Bolívar, M. P. R., & Arellano, C. L. V. (2025) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-04-2025-0241 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Turning Vulnerability Into Strength: How Independent Regulatory Agencies Enhance Accountability and Build Stakeholder Trust
Jordana, J., & Triviño‐Salazar, J. C. (2025) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.70053 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dissecting the Destruction of Public Value in Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Esposito, P., Tallaki, M., & Tufo, M. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83797-536-520251012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
E-government, inclusive growth, and the legitimacy of capitalism: lessons from estonia
Espinosa, V. I., & Pino, A. (2025) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.107248 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How digitally-mediated interactions influence the psychological foundations of civic engagement: Evidence from urban water governance in China
Cai, J., & Wei, X. (2025) · Urban Governance · doi:10.1016/j.ugj.2025.12.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
In transparent government we trust: open government data, transparency perception, and public trust in China
Xia, S., & Zhang, C. (2026) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2026.2632703 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AKUISISI DATA MEDIA SOSIAL PEMERINTAH UNTUK MENGANALISIS KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI PENYEBARAN COVID-19
Najwa, N. F., Furqon, M. A., Sintiya, E. S., & Puspitaningrum, A. C. (2021) · Jurnal Sosioteknologi · doi:10.5614/sostek.itbj.2021.20.1.5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Widening the gap? How socio-economic status moderates the relationship between political participation and trust
Albareda, A., & Müller, M. (2025) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/14651165251318207 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“As such, it is important to unveil its drivers (Schmidthuber et al., 2021) and the reasons for its apparent decline (Kettl, 2019; Levi and Stoker, 2003).”
Can China’s publicity departments build people’s trust by building platform government? Evidence from social media in public health emergencies
Liu, M., & Liu, L. (2025) · Chinese Public Administration Review · doi:10.1177/15396754251331221 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(1) Openness focuses on the process of information flowing from the government side to the public side through the platform (Schmidthuber et al., 2021), providing the public with a foundation for understanding and participating in public affairs.”
Influential
The Ecological Value Release Effect of Data Elements: Evidence from the Launch of Public Data Open Platforms
Wang, H., Guo, J., & Yuan, H. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17177773 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Planning for Whose Benefit? Procedural (In)Justice in Norwegian Arctic Industry Projects
Dale, R. F., & Dannevig, H. (2023) · Bristol University Press eBooks · doi:10.51952/9781529224832.ch008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The communication of Courts of Accounts and Prosecution Services on social media: the challenges of accountability in the digital democracy
Viegas, R. R., Abrucio, F. L., Loureiro, M. R., Teixeira, M. A. C., & Borali, N. (2022) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220210320x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Influence of Charismatic Leadership Communication Towards the Credibility of Public Organisation in Malaysia
Jamal, J. B., & Bakar, H. A. (2021) · Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication · doi:10.17576/jkmjc-2021-3704-23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Strategi Value Delivery Process pada Pemasaran Digital di Sektor Publik
Hasan, P. P. (2023) · Jurnal Wacana Kinerja Kajian Praktis-Akademis Kinerja dan Administrasi Pelayanan Publik · doi:10.31845/jwk.v26i1.787 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Meskipun upaya pemerintah untuk membuka prosedur organisasi kepada publik dimaksudkan untuk memperkuat hubungan antara warga negara dan pemerintah (Schmidthuber et al., 2021).”
Background
E-privacy concerns: a facet theoretical approach
Böhm, G., Pfister, H., Ayres‐Pereira, V., & Tjøstheim, I. (2023) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2023.2288012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Norway is generally a country with high social trust, and trust in the government is also generally high (Schmidthuber, Ingrams, and Hilgers 2021; Stein, Buck, and Bjørnå 2021).”
Background
KEBIJAKAN KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI PUBLIK (UU KIP): IMPLEMENTASI PARADIGMA NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE (NPG)?
Safaria, A. F., Rahmayanti, R., & Yulianti, R. (2023) · JIPAGS (Journal of Indonesian Public Administration and Governance Studies) · doi:10.31506/jipags.v7i2.20673 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Public Perception and Evaluation of Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Government Financial Accountability
Juniarta, R., Lindawati, A. S. L., & Hiererra, S. E. (2024) · 2024 International Conference on Informatics, Multimedia, Cyber and Information System (ICIMCIS) · doi:10.1109/icimcis63449.2024.10957125 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Trust, in simple words, is related to the willingness to be vulnerable and depend upon another party while expecting that other party to act with reliability based on the interests of the trustor [17,18].”
Trust without knowledge? UK intelligence agencies and the public trust conundrum
Hiscoke, G., Ward, S., & Lomas, D. W. B. (2025) · Intelligence & National Security · doi:10.1080/02684527.2025.2491239 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Does participation have an impact on transparency and trust? A local government case
Erten, Ş., & USLAN, Y. U. (2025) · Journal of Governance and Regulation · doi:10.22495/jgrv14i2siart1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Schmidthuber et al. (2020) found that a sense of being integrated into the political decision-making process increases trust in the public sector by mediating structural openness.”
Influential
Die doppelte Diskrepanz zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit – Erfahrungen mit einem transdisziplinären Reallabor
Warsewa, G., & Nuske, J. (2025) · Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s41358-025-00428-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Information processing and the transparency–trust link: Political affiliation, values, and information search behaviors in China
Ya-bin, D., Yang, K., Duan, S., & Cao, J. (2025) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2025.2516555 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Revisiting e-government and public trust relationship: does higher maturity of e-government promote greater trust in public officials?
Ariansyah, K., Muttaqin, M., Pusvita, V., Takariani, C. S. D., Darmanto, D., Budhirianto, S., & Nuryana, M. (2025) · Transforming Government People Process and Policy · doi:10.1108/tg-07-2025-0219 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The interplay of internal resources and external pressures in driving open government data use in Chinese cities
Zhang, Y., & Monawer, F. A. (2026) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/02666669261425637 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
From transparency to accountability: Determinants of village financial governance
Syamsul, Nurlailah, & Nurhadi (2026) · Multidisciplinary Science Journal · doi:10.31893/multiscience.2026575 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AÇIK DEVLET VERİSİ, YOLSUZLUK VE DEMOKRASİ İLİŞKİSİ
KOÇDEMİR, M., & Atan, M. (2026) · Sayıştay Dergisi · doi:10.52836/sayistay.1827044 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Governing land in the digital era: public data openness and land governance patterns
Sun, F., & Xu, H. (2026) · Economics of Governance · doi:10.1007/s10101-026-00392-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Other studies emphasize broader social governance effects, such as enhanced public trust, improved business environments, and stronger regional coordination (Fang et al. 2023; Schmidthuber et al. 2020).”
Analysis of Youth Empowerment in Municipalities of Lithuania
Šukvietienė, A., & Šilalienė, I. (2023) · Socialiniai tyrimai · doi:10.15388/soctyr.2022.46.1.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Building Legitimacy by Opening Up Government: A Multi-Level Analysis of Citizen-State Interaction
Schmidthuber, L., & Hilgers, D. (2017) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2017.15014abstract
Self-citation
Foreword
OECD (2023) · OECD public governance reviews · doi:10.1787/67b4a70f-en
Open government and public trust: a new revaluation of the citizen perspective
Witkam, M. (2024) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University)
Citizen’s interaction, perceived benefits, and effectiveness of open government data on trust in government
Astuti, H. M., & Hinnant, C. C. (2025) · Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research · doi:10.59490/dgo.2025.1006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
It’s a Governmental Interface: Evidence from Open Government Country-level Data
Schmidthuber, L. (2017) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2017.14077abstract · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Schmidthuber, L., Ingrams, A., & Hilgers, D.
Affiliations: Vienna University of Economics and Business (AT)
Leiden University (NL)
Johannes Kepler University of Linz (AT)
Corresponding author: Schmidthuber, Lisa
ORCID: Ingrams, Alex
Hilgers, Dennis
Venue: Public Administration Review
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2020-10-28
Volume: 81
Issue: 1
Pages: 91-109
ISSN: 0033-3352 (ISSN-L)
1540-6210
DOI: 10.1111/puar.13298
OpenAlex: W3082274165
Cited by: 180
References: 117
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 15
FWCI: 66.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Public Administration Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
WU Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
ePubWU Institutional Repository (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders: Universiteit van Tilburg
Topics: Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › E-Government and Public Services
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
Keywords: open government, public trust, democratic capacity, political participation, citizen empowerment, structural openness, mediation, e-government, citizen-government relations, transparency

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Government Openness and Public Trust: The Mediating Role of Democratic Capacity

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