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Cited by 14Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineElectrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical ApplicationsBone Tissue Engineering Materials

High‐resolution 3‐D scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of DOT TM polynucleotides (PN): Unique scaffold characteristics and potential applications in biomedicine

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Kim, Michael James, Park, Hyun‐Jun, Jung, Rae‐Jun, Won, Chee‐Youb, Ohk, Seul‐Ong, Kim, Hong‐Taek, Roh, Nark‐Kyung, Yi, Kyu‐Ho·2024·Skin Research and Technology
DOI 10.1111/srt.13667PMC PMC10982675
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Abstract

Introduction: Polynucleotides (PN) are becoming more prominent in aesthetic medicine. However, the structural characteristics of PN have not been published and PN from different companies may have different structural characteristics. This study aimed to elucidate the structural attributes of DOT™ PN and distinguish differences with polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) using high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Materials and methods: DOT™ PN was examined using a Quanta 3‐D field emission gun (FEG) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sample preparation involved cryogenic cooling, cleavage, etching, and metal coating to facilitate high‐resolution imaging. Cryo‐FIB/SEM techniques were employed for in‐depth structural analysis. Results: PDRN exhibited an amorphous structure without distinct features. In contrast, DOT™ PN displayed well‐defined polyhedral shapes with smooth, uniformly thick walls. These cells were empty, with diameters ranging from 3 to 8 micrometers, forming a seamless tessellation pattern. Discussion: DOT™ PN's distinct geometric tessellation design conforms to the principles of biotensegrity, providing both structural reinforcement and integrity. The presence of delicate partitions and vacant compartments hints at possible uses in the field of pharmaceutical delivery systems. Within the realms of beauty enhancement and regenerative medicine, DOT™ PN's capacity to bolster cell growth and tissue mending could potentially transform approaches to rejuvenation treatments. Its adaptability becomes apparent when considering its contributions to drug administration and surgical procedures. Conclusion: This study unveils the intricate structural scaffold features of DOT™ PN for the first time, setting it apart from PDRN and inspiring innovation in biomedicine and materials science. DOT™ PN's unique attributes open doors to potential applications across healthcare and beyond.

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Crossref · 10.1111/srt.13667

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  • PN forms a more porous, highly viscous, three-dimensional structure.

    “However, PDRN exhibits lower viscoelasticity than that of PN because of its reduced molecular weight, whereas PN forms a more porous, highly viscous, three-dimensional structure [11,24,25].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Results (page not available in our copy) describe DOT™ PN as a scaffold whose walls enclose three-dimensional spaces, in contrast to the amorphous structure observed for PDRN. They do not establish that PN is more porous or highly viscous; the paper describes the sample as gel-like but reports no viscosity comparison. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PDRN exhibits lower viscoelasticity than PN because of its reduced molecular weight.

    “However, PDRN exhibits lower viscoelasticity than that of PN because of its reduced molecular weight, whereas PN forms a more porous, highly viscous, three-dimensional structure [11,24,25].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Discussion (page not specified) states that DOT™ PDRN has a lower molecular weight than DOT™ PN, and the Results describe distinct structural differences. The paper does not report a viscoelasticity comparison or establish that molecular weight causes one, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • DNA fragment Optimizing Technology (DOTTM), developed by PharmaResearch Co. Ltd., has been used in the production of both PN and PDRN formulations.

    “DNA fragment Optimizing Technology (DOT™), developed by PharmaResearch Co. Ltd., has been used in the production of both PN and PDRN formulations [24,169,170,171].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Introduction identifies DOT™ as proprietary technology used to produce PharmaResearch’s PN formulation, and the Introduction and Discussion also refer to DOT™ PDRN. The paper does not expand DOT™ as “DNA fragment Optimizing Technology” or explicitly say that PharmaResearch developed it; its link between the company and DOT™ PDRN is less direct. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • HPT and similar innovations have been adapted for PN-based products.

    “More recently, HPT and similar innovations have also been adapted for PN-based products.”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) says proprietary DOT™ technology is used to produce a PN product, supporting the reference to a similar production innovation. It does not mention HPT or say that HPT was adapted for PN-based products. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PNs have high biocompatibility and biodegradability, favorable safety profiles, and low immunogenicity, making them suitable as facial fillers.

    “Their high biocompatibility and biodegradability, accompanied by favorable safety profiles and low immunogenicity, also make them suitable as facial fillers [22,24,31,152,161,167].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Discussion describes PN as highly biocompatible and reports facial volumization uses with no serious adverse events in the studies it summarizes. The Introduction also describes a favorable safety record. However, the Discussion presents biodegradation and negligible immune response as criteria for an ideal scaffold, not as demonstrated properties of PN; the claimed low immunogenicity and biodegradability are therefore unsupported by this copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

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Authors
Kim, M. J., Park, H., Jung, R., Won, C., Ohk, S., Kim, H., Roh, N., & Yi, K.
Affiliations
  • Aeon Medical and Aesthetic Centre Singapore Singapore
  • Maylin Clinic (Chungdam) Seoul South Korea
  • PharmaResearch Products (South Korea) (KR)
  • Leaders Aesthetic Laser and Cosmetic Surgery Center Seoul South Korea
  • Yonsei University College of Dentistry (KR)
Corresponding author
Yi, Kyu‐Ho
ORCID
Yi, Kyu‐Ho
Venue
Skin Research and Technology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2024-04
Volume
30
Issue
4
Pages
e13667-e13667
ISSN
  • 0909-752X (ISSN-L)
  • 1600-0846
DOI
10.1111/srt.13667
PMC
PMC10982675
OpenAlex
W4393383410
Cited by
14
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4
FWCI
5.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Skin Research and Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
Keywords
polydeoxyribonucleotide, cryo-FIB-SEM, biotensegrity, drug delivery systems, aesthetic medicine, regenerative medicine, tissue regeneration
MeSH terms
Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Polynucleotides

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