Fluid geographies: Marine territorialisation and the scaling up of local aquatic epistemologies on the Pacific coast of Colombia

It may state two separate claims as one.

Fisheries have been dramatically affected by overfishing, extreme El Niño Southern Oscillation phases, high fuel prices, habitat destruction and demand reduction, leading to the collapse of the shallow-water shrimp fishery during the 1980s and the carduma fishery in 2013.

“Fisheries have been dramatically affected by overfishing, extreme El Niño Southern Oscillation phases, high fuel prices, habitat destruction and demand reduction, leading to the collapse of the shallowwater shrimp fishery during the 1980s and the carduma (Cetengraulis mysticetus) fishery in 2013 (Díaz-Ochoa and Quiñones 2008;Zapata et al. 2013).”

• cites Díaz-Ochoa and Quiñones 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Zapata et al. 2013 sourceDisputed

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many communities around the globe inhabit riverine and coastal areas, living in pulsing and dynamic waterspaces.

“Many communities around the globe inhabit riverine and coastal areas, living in pulsing and dynamic waterspaces (Grundy-Warr et al 2015;Helmreich 2011;Steinberg 2013).”

• cites Grundy-Warr et al 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Helmreich 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The discussion of coastal lifeways in “Working Athwart Theory, Thinking Through Water” describes Inuit social life organized around seasonal regimes, and “Maritime Anthropologies” discusses fishing communities and moving seawater. These passages support the coastal and dynamic-water aspects, but do not establish the claim about riverine communities around the globe. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Steinberg 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Territory was produced in terms of property, passed to companies and individuals through concessions, licenses, and private titles, dispossessing local peoples' rights.

“Territory was produced in terms of property, passed to companies and individuals through concessions, licenses, and private titles, dispossessing local peoples' rights (Oslender 2016, 64;Serje 2006).”

• cites Oslender 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Serje 2006Partly supported

  The paper says that territories were ceded to entrepreneurs through concessions (Gestión y Ambiente, page unavailable) and that displacement accompanied land expropriation and concentrated ownership (p. 25). These passages support the broad account of appropriation and dispossession, but do not identify licenses or private titles as the means of transfer. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Conservation enclosures often displace and dispossess marginal groups.

“However, conservation enclosures often displace and dispossess marginal groups (Benjaminsen and Bryceson 2012;Bennett et al. 2015;Brondo and Bown 2011;West 2006).”

• cites Benjaminsen and Bryceson 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bennett et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The 'Means of reallocation' section gives conservation reserves that exclude small-scale fishers as an illustrative example, and 'What is ocean grabbing?' mentions community relocation during the creation of marine protected areas. The paper identifies marginalized coastal groups as a particular concern, but its examples do not establish that conservation enclosures *often* displace and dispossess them. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Brondo and Bown 2011 sourceSupported

It may state two separate claims as one.

We did not find evidence of illegal mining occurring along the coast of the Gulf of Tribugá, but local leaders claimed it takes place inland.

“We did not find evidence of illegal mining occurring along the coast of the Gulf of Tribugá, but local leaders claimed it takes place inland.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Fishing becomes extremely difficult during strong puja currents; most fishers shift to farming and even tourism, only venturing at sea for subsistence catches or pleasure.

“Fishing becomes extremely difficult during the strong puja currents; most fishers shift to farming and even tourism, only venturing at sea for the pancoger (subsistence catches), or the pleasure of fishing.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Afrodescendant communities in the Gulf of Tribugá hold local aquatic epistemologies, in which knowledge and production of space are entangled in fluid, relational, and volumetric spatio-temporal dynamics, with past and present knowledge resulting from individual and collective experiences in marine and riverine environments.

“Drawing on a case study on the Pacific coast of Colombia, we demonstrate that Afrodescendant communities hold local aquatic epistemologies, in which knowledge and the production of space are entangled in fluid and volumetric spatio-temporal dynamics.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · boosted

  “we demonstrate that Afro-descendant communities in the Gulf of Tribugá hold relational LAEs, where past and present knowledge results from individual and collective experiences entangled in marine and riverine spatio-temporal dynamics.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

On dry and sunny days, riverine salinity increases and coastal water temperature decreases, enabling fishers to capture big pelagic fish species in shallow coastal waters.

“On dry and sunny days, riverine salinity increases and coastal water temperature decreases, enabling fishers to capture big pelagic fish species in shallow coastal waters.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Children learn to fish in the rivers, mangroves, and estuaries, which is also where women and older residents fish.

“Children learn to fish in the rivers, mangroves, and estuaries, which is also where women and older residents fish.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Most fishers use wooden canoes hand-carved in the forest during the waning moon by Afrodescendant and Emberá indigenous canoe builders.

“Most fishers use wooden canoes hand-carved in the forest during the waning moon by Afrodescendant and Emberá indigenous canoe builders.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

New riscales are found by those who explore or get lost, usually named by or after their discoverers, anchoring people to places in the sea.

“Two fishers from Arusí explained that new riscales are found by those who explore or get lost, usually named by, or after, their discoverers, anchoring people to places in the sea.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Fish catches are mostly for local subsistence, providing essential protein in the local diet; however, local middlemen also trade fish from Jurubirá, Nuquí, Panguí, and Arusí in national markets.

“Fish catches are mostly for local subsistence, which provide essential protein in the local diet.However, local middlemen also trade fish from Jurubirá, Nuquí, Panguí, and Arusí in national markets.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Fishers use terrestrial landmarks to locate traditional fishing grounds, known as riscales (marine basaltic rocks), and learn to read the coast to find their way at sea.

“Fishers use terrestrial landmarks to locate traditional fishing grounds, known as riscales (marine basaltic rocks).They learn to read the coast, in order to find their way at sea.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Small-scale fisheries in the Gulf are spatial and temporally heterogeneous; fishers target multiple species, relying on diverse fishing gear.

“Small-scale fisheries are spatial and temporally heterogeneous.Fishers target multiple species, relying on diverse fishing gear.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

During high rainfall, riverine discharges surge along the coast, increasing water currents and turbidity, flooding some portions of the landscape; people avoid navigating upstream and fishing around river mouths.

“For example, during high rainfall riverine discharges surge along the coast, increasing water currents and turbidity, flooding some portions of the landscape.As argued by local respondents, people avoid navigating upstream and fishing around river mouths.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Communities in Juradó and Bahía Solano accused the tuna industry of threatening coastal food security due to overfishing and excessive bycatch.

“Communities in Juradó and Bahía Solano accused this industry of threatening coastal food security due to overfishing and excessive bycatch (see next section).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The negotiation of the MPA remained centred on fishing resources and conservation of marine ecosystems, relegating socio-cultural dimensions to the background.

“Despite these efforts, the negotiation of the MPA remained centred on fishing resources and conservation of marine ecosystems, relegating socio-cultural dimensions to the background.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For one fisher in Nuquí, only those fishing offshore are socially recognised as 'fishers', having access to social interactions and networks that only take place at sea.

“For one fisher in Nuquí, only those fishing offshore (pescar afuera) are socially recognised as 'fishers', having access to social interactions and networks that only take place at sea.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Fishers in the nine coastal villages of the Gulf of Tribugá accused shrimp vessels of dragging away their long-lines and encroaching on local riscales.

“Fishers in the nine coastal villages of the Gulf of Tribugá accused shrimp vessels of dragging away their long-lines and encroaching on local riscales.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Community members have reported illegal fishing several times, with no response from the fisheries authority.

“Community members have reported illegal fishing several times, with no response from the fisheries authority.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Community leaders were aware that MPA conservation objectives could potentially overpower local interests, but they lobbied for it as an opportunity to protect local communities from industrial fishing.

“Community leaders were aware that MPA conservation objectives could potentially overpower local interests, but they lobbied for it as an opportunity to protect local communities from industrial fishing.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Conservation NGOs have played a major role creating bridging mechanisms between local communities and environmental authorities, and supporting local processes linked to the creation of the MPA.

“Conservation NGOs have played a major role creating bridging mechanisms between local communities and environmental authorities, and supporting local processes linked to the creation of the MPA.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The closest fisheries authority office is approximately two hours away by boat in Bahía Solano, which limits control and surveillance.

“Importantly, the closest fisheries authority office is approximately two hours away by boat in Bahía Solano, which limits control and surveillance.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Fishers along the Gulf blamed the industry for the reduction of fish stocks resulting from the impacts of high bycatch, noise pollution, and seabed trawling.

“Fishers along the Gulf blamed the industry for the reduction of fish stocks resulting from the impacts of high bycatch, noise pollution, seabed trawling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Fishing agreements between the ordinance roundtable and the industry have been negotiated and are under construction.

“Fishing agreements between the ordinance roundtable and the industry have been negotiated and are under construction (personal communication, April 2017).”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Community leaders in the Gulf of Tribugá argued that local people with knowledge of small-scale fisheries were excluded, and that 1nm is not enough to protect their fishing grounds from industrial fisheries.

“Community leaders in the Gulf of Tribugá argued that local people with knowledge of small-scale fisheries were excluded, and that 1nm is not enough to protect their fishing grounds from industrial fisheries.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The industry, with support from INVEMAR, claimed it fishes sustainably.

“The difficulty has been that the industry, with the support from INVEMAR, claimed it fishes sustainably.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The deep-water shrimp industry continues to fish inside the DRMI, threatening the local legitimacy of the MPA.

“Consequently, the deep-water shrimp industry continues to fish inside the DRMI, threatening the local legitimacy of the MPA.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Neither the ZEPA nor the Special Fishing Management Zone are properly surveyed or enforced.

“However, neither of these MPAs are properly surveyed or enforced.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Local respondents and conservation NGO officials argued that the industry only uses the Gulf to fish without any return to local economies.

“Local respondents and conservation NGO officials argued that the industry only uses the Gulf to fish without any return to local economies.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Local leaders from Pizarro and Litoral de San Juan, the two southern municipalities, have expressed their interest in developing similar participatory processes to the DRMI.

“Moreover, local leaders from Pizarro and Litoral de San Juan, the two southern municipalities, have expressed their interest in developing similar participatory processes to the DRMI.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The extent to which marine territorialisation processes are also determined by socio-cultural dynamics that take place at the interface between land and sea remains unknown.

“However, the extent to which marine territorialisation processes are also determined by socio-cultural dynamics that take place at the interface between land and sea remains unknown.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The 1991 Political Constitution (Article 102) created a false imaginary of the Pacific region as static, flat, and bounded.

“This persisted in the Political Constitution of 1991 (Article 102), and created a false imaginary of the Pacific region as static, flat, and bounded.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Colombian state has historically reproduced modern representations of territory throughout its history, excluding aquatic environments from peoples' territorial rights.

“The Colombian state has historically reproduced modern representations of territory throughout its history, excluding aquatic environments from peoples' territorial rights.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Pacific region of Colombia has been imagined as empty in social terms and full in natural resources and biodiversity.

“The Pacific region of Colombia, like many sparsely populated places in developing countries, has been imagined as empty in social terms, and yet full in terms of natural resources and biodiversity.”

• cites Bridge 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

These activities were intensified by the development plans of the National Planning Department since the 1970s, and the adoption of a neoliberal economic model during the late 1980s.

“These activities were intensified by the development plans of the National Planning Department since the 1970s, and the adoption of a neoliberal economic model during the late 1980s.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Unlike indigenous resguardos, Afro-descendant collective territories were not recognised as territorial entities, meaning they cannot collect taxes or administer natural resources, and are not directly funded by the national budget.

“Unlike indigenous resguardos, Afro-descendant collective territories were not recognised as territorial entities, which means they cannot collect taxes or administer natural resources, and are not directly funded by the national budget (Ng'weno 2000, 33-34).”

• cites Ng'weno 2000, 33-34Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The state's production of marine territory replicates terrestrial imaginaries, where space has been perceived as empty-yet-full, flat, static, and bounded, valued for capital accumulation, national sovereignty, transportation services, and biodiversity conservation.

“The state's production of marine territory replicates terrestrial imaginaries, where space has been perceived as empty-yet-full, flat, static, and bounded, valued for capital accumulation, national sovereignty, transportation services, and biodiversity conservation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Even if collective territories have contributed to the recognition of local territorial rights, this has been partial, also acting as an imposed political technology.

“Even if the collective territories have contributed to the recognition of local territorial rights, this has been partial, also acting as an imposed political technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

During the Thousand Days' War and the Violencia, the territorial rights of Afrodescendant people remained unrecognised by the state.

“During these periods, the territorial rights of Afrodescendant people remained unrecognised by the state.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

National parks and public goods including mangrove swamps, river basins, or coastal seas were excluded from the titling process, leaving Afro-descendant territories incomplete.

“Moreover, national parks and public goods including mangrove swamps, river basins, or coastal seas were excluded from the titling process, leaving their territories incomplete.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

All this has disrupted the long-term assessment of fish stocks and marine ecosystems, as well as undermining the importance of small-scale fisheries for coastal food security.

“All this has disrupted the long-term assessment of fish stocks and marine ecosystems, as well as undermining the importance of small-scale fisheries for coastal food security.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Law 70 granted collective territorial rights to Afro-descendant communities in 1993.

“Finally, Law 70 granted collective territorial rights to Afro-descendant communities in 1993.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Oslender argues that these localised knowledge systems have been the main 'site of contestation' of social movements along the Pacific coast, informing their local discourses and political practices.

“Oslender argues that these localised knowledge systems have been the main 'site of contestation' of social movements along the Pacific coast, informing their local discourses and political practices (2016, 4).”

• cites Oslender 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Coastal communities have developed an 'amphibian culture', where practices, behaviours, and beliefs follow marine rhythms, and they express versatility in transitioning between aquatic and terrestrial livelihood strategies.

“Coastal communities have developed an 'amphibian culture', where practices, behaviours, and beliefs follow these marine rhythms, and they express a versatility in transitioning between aquatic and terrestrial livelihood strategies (Fals Borda 2002).”

• cites Fals Borda 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Afrodescendant subsistence activities and social relations in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia have been spatialized along riverine basins, in what local people call 'the logic of the river'.

“His work has explored the way Afrodescendant subsistence activities and social relations have been spatialized along riverine basins, in what local people call 'the logic of the river' (2002,94).”

• cites Oslender 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Social memory of riverine settlements and new experiences at sea continued to shape local identities and remained alive through storytelling, poetry, and songs.

“However, the social memory of their riverine settlements and new experiences at sea continued to shape local identities and remained alive through storytelling, poetry, and songs (Oslender 2016, 90-91).”

• cites Oslender 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The state has rendered local aquatic epistemologies invisible, instead imagining space as static, bounded, and 'empty-yet-full'-empty of people, or sparsely occupied, and yet full of resources and biodiversity.

“The state has rendered these local epistemologies invisible, instead imagining space as static, bounded, and 'empty-yet-full' -empty of people, or in some cases sparsely occupied, and yet full of resources and biodiversity (Bridge 2001).”

• cites Bridge 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Afrodescendants' traditions, fishing practices, social interactions, and collective memories at sea are still rendered invisible by the state.

“Afrodescendants' traditions, fishing practices, social interactions, and collective memories at sea are still rendered invisible by the state.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Wild and resource frontiers have been central for the production of territory in the Pacific, historically dispossessing local communities from their lands and rights over aquatic environments through violent interventions.

“Wild and resource frontiers have been central for the production of territory in the Pacific, historically dispossessing local communities from their lands and rights over aquatic environments through violent interventions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Due to the interconnected and fluid spatio-temporal dynamics of waterscapes along the northern Pacific, the environmental impacts of illegal mining pose a major threat to riverine and coastal communities.

“Due to the interconnected and fluid spatio-temporal dynamics of waterscapes along the northern Pacific, the environmental impacts of illegal mining pose a major threat to riverine and coastal communities.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The northern Pacific waterscapes have interconnected and fluid spatio-temporal dynamics.

It may state two separate claims as one.

National parks had been created without local consultation, leading to resistance and conflicts.

“Friction between environmental agendas and extractive industries soon emerged, although from a local perspective national parks had been created without local consultation, leading to resistance and conflicts (Andrade 2009).”

• cites Andrade 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The marine protected area represents a place of resistance that ironically subjects coastal communities to disciplinary technologies of conservation.

“As such, this marine protected area represents a place of resistance that ironically subjects coastal communities to disciplinary technologies of conservation.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The tropical ecosystems along the Pacific became framed as 'untouched', imagined as a 'natural museum'.

“The tropical ecosystems along the Pacific became framed as 'untouched', imagined as a 'natural museum' (Restrepo 2013).”

• cites Restrepo 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

These imaginaries have enabled the creation of frontiers of land and sea control, where the state as well as private and illegal actors have historically dispossessed Afrodescendant and indigenous peoples.

“These imaginaries have enabled the creation of frontiers of land and sea control, where the state as well as private and illegal actors have historically dispossessed Afrodescendant and indigenous peoples.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The study triangulated scientific papers, official documents, NGO reports, participant observation, meetings, and informal conversations.

“We consulted scientific papers, official documents, and NGO reports.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “We included in the analysis information from participant observation, meetings, and informal conversations.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Afro-descendant territorial rights were only granted in 1993, when the spatial logic of the state started disciplining local territorialities.

“Afro-descendant territorial rights were only granted in 1993, when the spatial logic of the state started disciplining local territorialities (Agnew and Oslender 2010).”

• cites Agnew and Oslender 2010Not checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Biodiversity became one of the region's most valuable economic assets, escalating processes of conservation by dispossession.

“Biodiversity became one of the region's most valuable economic assets, escalating processes of conservation by dispossession (Asher and Ojeda 2009).”

• cites Asher and Ojeda 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Territorialisation processes are produced by the active negotiation between the state and non-state actors over the access to and control over occupied landscapes.

“Corson (2011) and Roth (2008) argued territorialisation processes are produced by the active negotiation between the state and non-state actors over the access to and control over occupied landscapes.”

• cites Corson (2011) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Roth (2008) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Political Constitution of 1886 stated that baldíos and all their public goods including rivers, sea, beaches, and mangrove swamps belonged to the state, becoming inalienable and imprescriptible.

“It stated that baldíos and all their public goods including rivers, sea, beaches, and mangrove swamps belonged to the state, becoming inalienable and imprescriptible, which means their property rights cannot be taken away from the state, and remain in force even when not exercised (Article 4).”

• cites Article 4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The engagement of Afrodescendant people in the creation of an MPA in the northern Pacific coast of Colombia results from the absence of legal institutions that would enable them to expand their territorial rights towards the sea.

“The engagement of Afrodescendant people in the creation of an MPA in the northern Pacific coast of Colombia results from the absence of legal institutions that would enable them to expand their territorial rights towards the sea.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Drug trafficking and extractive economies have thrived, in many cases interrupting and impeding the titling process, and exposing communities in remote areas to violence, massacres, forced recruitment, corruption, and displacement.

“Drug trafficking and extractive economies have thrived, in many cases interrupting and impeding the titling process, and exposing communities in remote areas to violence, massacres, forced recruitment, corruption, and displacement (Escobar 2003).”

• cites Escobar 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The 1991 Political Constitution acknowledged the rights of indigenous and Afrodescendant communities, defining the country as multicultural and pluri-ethnic.

“The Political Constitution of Colombia acknowledged the rights of indigenous and Afrodescendant communities in 1991, defining the country as multicultural and pluri-ethnic.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The state has neglected local constructions of territory, leading to struggles over authority along the Pacific waterscapes.

“However, the state has neglected these local constructions, leading to struggles over authority along the Pacific waterscapes”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Small-scale fishers have had limited articulation with external markets, which has historically excluded their LAEs and traditional fisheries governance systems from national and regional fisheries governance decision-making arenas.

“Small-scale fishers have had limited articulation with external markets, which has historically excluded their LAEs and traditional fisheries governance systems from national and regional fisheries governance decision-making arenas (Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2015).”

• cites Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Capital accumulation processes extended along the Pacific region, including industrial fishing, logging, mangrove bark and timber extraction, petroleum exploration, mining, and cultivation of banana, cacao, rice, sugar cane, and African palm.

“Capital accumulation processes extended along the Pacific region, including industrial fishing, logging, mangrove bark and timber extraction, petroleum exploration, mining, and cultivation of banana, cacao, rice, sugar cane, and African palm (Escobar 2008, 75;Restrepo 2013).”

• cites Escobar 2008, 75 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Restrepo 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

This has led to the creation of spaces of resistance that subvert the legal framing of the ocean as a public space, yet subject local people to disciplinary conservation technologies and power asymmetries dominated by the capital accumulation interests of the fishing industry.

“This has led to the creation of spaces of resistance that subvert the legal framing of the ocean as a public space, yet subject local people to disciplinary conservation technologies and power asymmetries, which in this case are dominated by the capital accumulation interests of the fishing industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The study collected primary qualitative data from 94 semi-structured interviews with community leaders, NGO officials, academics, fisher people, community members, and government officials.

“We collected primary qualitative data from 94 semi-structured interviews with community leaders, NGO officials, academics, fisher people, and community members who participated in the declaration of the MPA, as well as government officials working in fisheries and environmental sectors at national, regional, and local levels.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

For these people the sea is a lived space, where place is socially constructed by memories, emotions, and experiences.

“For these people the sea is a lived space, where place is socially constructed by memories, emotions, and experiences.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

With the support of MarViva Foundation, communities started monitoring fish catches to support local claims that fish stocks and fish size were declining, and designed the management plan for their mangroves in 2009.

“With the support of MarViva Foundation, communities started monitoring fish catches to support local claims that fish stocks and fish size were declining, and designed the management plan for their mangroves in 2009.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Driven by the ZEPA experience, coastal communities in the Gulf of Tribugá engaged in the creation of a new MPA to legitimise local access and control over the sea, and to ban industrial fisheries.

“Despite these difficulties, and driven by the ZEPA experience, coastal communities in the Gulf of Tribugá engaged in the creation of a new MPA to legitimise local access and control over the sea, and to ban industrial fisheries.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The extension of local politico-legal authority into the sea still involves power asymmetries between local communities and more powerful industrial fisheries.

“The extension of local politico-legal authority into the sea still involves power asymmetries between local communities and more powerful industrial fisheries.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Colombia has rewarded quantity over quality in order to comply with the CBD marine conservation targets, in which MPAs like the Special Fishing Management Zone only exist on paper.

“It appears that Colombia has rewarded quantity over quality in order to comply with the CBD marine conservation targets, in which MPAs like the Special Fishing Management Zone only exist on paper.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The MPA also subjects local communities to discourses and imaginaries of the sea as a space that needs to be regulated and protected, as well as introducing added value processes of commodification of nature.

“The catch is that the MPA also subjects local communities to discourses and imaginaries of the sea as a space that needs to be regulated and protected, as well as introducing added value processes of commodification of nature.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The establishment of these zones reflected the UNCLOS marine territorial delimitation and was arbitrary, non-consultative, and disregarded local and spatial heterogeneity.

“The establishment of these zones reflected the UNCLOS marine territorial delimitation -it was arbitrary, non-consultative, and disregarded local and spatial heterogeneity (Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2015).”

• cites Saavedra-Díaz et al. 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This framing has historically relegated the efforts of coastal dwellers in their defence of socio-cultural practices along the land-water interface.

“This framing has historically relegated the efforts of coastal dwellers in their defence of socio-cultural practices along the land-water interface.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The ZEPA was not enlarged, but the fisheries authority instead created a Special Fishing Management Zone adjacent to it.

“It was not enlarged, but the fisheries authority instead created a Special Fishing Management Zone adjacent to it (Figure 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The ZEPA goes from the coastal baseline out to 2.5 nm, and it granted fishing rights to small-scale fishers, excluding industrial fishing.

“This area goes from the coastal baseline out to 2.5 nm, and it granted fishing rights to small-scale fishers, excluding industrial fishing.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The neoliberal production of state territorialisation has been used by non-state actors to claim authority and control.

“As Corson (2011) argues, the neoliberal production of state territorialisation has been used by non-state actors to claim authority and control.”

• cites Corson 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The DRMI model would enable the integration of marine and coastal areas, and support the implementation of a co-management scheme.

“This model would enable the integration of marine and coastal areas, and support the implementation of a co-management scheme.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

INVEMAR assessed the socio-economic viability of the MPA, determining the area would only be feasible if local autonomy were maintained, traditional knowledge is acknowledged, the management scheme involved local participation, and local living standards were improved.

“A year later, INVEMAR assessed the socio-economic viability of the MPA, determining the area would only be feasible if local autonomy were maintained, traditional knowledge is acknowledged, the management scheme involved local participation, and local living standards were improved (Maldonado et al. 2010).”

• cites Maldonado et al. 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

MPAs are not integrating land and marine territorial rights, but separating the socio-cultural dynamics from the water by focusing mainly on fisheries management.

“Despite this, MPAs are not integrating land and marine territorial rights, but separating the socio-cultural dynamics from the water by focusing mainly on fisheries management.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These zones act as a political technology that imposes boundaries defined by the fisheries authority, dispossessing communities from the fluidities of their marine social space.

“These zones act as a political technology that imposes boundaries defined by the fisheries authority, dispossessing communities from the fluidities of their marine social space.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Poor fisheries governance and limited control has led to MPAs that exist on paper only.

“But questions of quantity have predominated over quality, where poor fisheries governance and limited control has led to MPAs that exist on paper only (De Santo 2013).”

• cites De Santo 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

The idea of creating an MPA gained momentum when INVEMAR identified 12 national priority areas for marine conservation in the Pacific in 2008, from which two were located inside the Gulf of Tribugá.

“The idea of creating an MPA gained momentum when INVEMAR identified 12 national priority areas for marine conservation in the Pacific in 2008, from which two were located inside the Gulf of Tribugá (Alonso et al. 2008).”

• cites Alonso et al. 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

After five years of provisional status, in 2013 the ZEPA became permanent.

“After five years of provisional status, in 2013 the ZEPA became permanent.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

MPAs in Colombia have limited interaction between state agencies at regional and national levels.

“MPAs in Colombia have limited interaction between state agencies at regional and national levels.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In general, the fisheries authority has overseen the dispossession of local small-scale fisheries, affecting local food security, environmental health, and cultural heritage.

“In general, the fisheries authority has overseen the dispossession of local small-scale fisheries, affecting local food security, environmental health, and cultural heritage.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

In 2004 state nations that had ratified the CBD committed to the protection of at least 10% of national coastal and marine areas by 2012, deferred until 2020 by the Aichi Target 11.

“Importantly, in 2004 state nations that had ratified the CBD committed to the protection of at least 10% of national coastal and marine areas by 2012 (deferred until 2020 by the Aichi Target 11).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Collective territories inscribed in national legislation have also acted as a political technology to control rather than empower remote communities, creating land/water boundaries over fluid and dynamic geographies.

“However, collective territories inscribed in national legislation have also acted as a political technology to control rather than empower remote communities, creating land/water boundaries over fluid and dynamic geographies.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The political struggle for their territories continues.

“The political struggle for their territories continues.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The fisheries authority ignored the Squalus Foundation's suggestion and only extended the provisional status of ZEPA.

“The fisheries authority ignored this and only extended the provisional status of ZEPA.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Regional District of Integrated Management (DRMI) was chosen as the best option as it restricts fishing activities to sustainable practices, and receives funding from the Departmental System of Protected Areas.

“The Regional District of Integrated Management (DRMI), was chosen as the best option as it restricts fishing activities to sustainable practices, and receives funding from the Departmental System of Protected Areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Small-scale artisanal fishers in Juradó and Bahía Solano have demanded a ban on industrial tuna and deep-water shrimp fishing since the 1990s.

“Small-scale artisanal fishers in Juradó and Bahía Solano (Figure 3), have demanded a ban on industrial tuna and deep-water shrimp fishing since the 1990s.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This has enabled local differential space and territorial struggles to reach national political arenas, producing new fields of negotiation to transform relations of authority at sea.

“This has enabled local differential space and territorial struggles to reach national political arenas, producing new fields of negotiation to transform relations of authority at sea.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Special Fishing Management Zone only bans the entry of tuna fisheries from 2.5 to 12 nm from the shoreline and still allows the entry of the deep-water shrimp vessels.

“This area only bans the entry of tuna fisheries from 2.5 to 12 nm from the shoreline and still allows the entry of the deep-water shrimp vessels.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Squalus Foundation monitored the ZEPA for two years from 2008 and suggested an extension of the area to 5-7 nm from the shoreline, for the effective protection of local fish stocks.

“The Squalus Foundation, a national conservation NGO, signed a cooperation agreement with the fisheries authority and monitored the ZEPA for two years from 2008 and suggested an extension of the area to 5-7 nm from the shoreline, for the effective protection of local fish stocks.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This process emerged from the differential space produced by the state's terrestrial representations of Los Riscales collective territory, in which the sea is considered part of local peoples' territory.

“This process emerged from the differential space produced by the state's terrestrial representations of Los Riscales collective territory, in which the sea is considered part of local peoples' territory.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The DRMI was declared by Codechocó the 18th of December 2014.

“The DRMI was declared by Codechocó the 18 th of December 2014 (Figure 3).”