The Territorial Turn: Making Black Territories in Pacific Colombia

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian Peoples Development Project is the first World Bank project in Latin America intended solely for 'ethno-development'.

“The Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian Peoples Development Project is the first World Bank project in Latin America intended solely for 'ethno-development' (Marquette 1996;Partridge, Uquillas and Johns 1996;Van Nieuwkoop and Uquillas 2000).”

• cites Marquette 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Partridge, Uquillas and Johns 1996Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van Nieuwkoop and Uquillas 2000Not checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

These territories enclose over 4.5 million hectares, contain 1,250 black communities, and represent 270,000 people.

“These territories enclose over 4.5 million hectares, contain 1,250 black communities, and represent 270,000 people (Figure 1).”

• cites INCORA 2003a, 2003bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Throughout Latin America, most municipal governments are now elected and receive a share of regional or national revenues.

“For example, throughout Latin America, most municipal governments are now elected and receive a share of regional or national revenues.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

As a result of AT-55, Law 70 was passed two years later.

“As a result of AT-55, Law 70 was passed two years later.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Rural blacks in Ecuador and Brazil have received collective land titles, while similar titling projects are underway in Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Belize.

“Rural blacks in Ecuador and Brazil have also received collective land titles, while similar titling projects are underway in Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Belize (Thorne 2001).”

• cites Thorne 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

These formerly autonomous territories are estimated to contain 500,000 people, twice the number of Brazil's indigenous population.

“These formerly autonomous territories are estimated to contain 500,000 people”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Constitutional reform in Ecuador granted Afro-Ecuadorians collective rights to their ancestral lands.

“Constitutional reform in Ecuador granted Afro-Ecuadorians collective rights to their ancestral lands.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Other participatory mapping projects explicitly employ geomatics to advance a land or territorial claim.

“Other participatory mapping projects explicitly employ geomatics to advance a land or territorial claim (Poole 1995(Poole , 1998;;Stone 1998).”

• cites Poole 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Poole 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Stone 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Size and population of titled territories vary dramatically; one territory contains as few as 30 people in a single community, while the largest contains 30,000 people in 90 communities and encompasses more than a half million hectares.

“Size and population vary dramatically; one territory contains as few as 30 people living in a single community, while the largest territory contains 30,000 people in 90 different communities and encompasses more than a half million hectares.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These Central American projects are tied up with schemes funded by the Global Environmental Facility, especially the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.

“These Central American projects are also tied up with a broad range of schemes funded by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), especially the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC)-a multidimensional project seeking to link and expand protected areas across national boundaries throughout the isthmus's Caribbean slope, but in direct overlap with indigenous and black land claims.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Seventeen constitutional reforms redefining Latin American countries as multiethnic and pluricultural have swept Latin American countries since 1987.

“The legal framework initiating these changes reflects important constitutional reforms that have redefined Latin American countries as multiethnic and pluricultural: seventeen such reforms have swept Latin American countries since 1987 (Van Cott 2000a;2000b).”

• cites Van Cott 2000a;2000bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Twelve of the 17 countries that ratified ILO 169 are Latin American.

“Regionally, the impacts of ILO 169 have been substantial because 12 of the 17 countries that ratified it are Latin American.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In Nicaragua and Honduras, the World Bank forcibly linked loan guarantees for national land administration projects to concerted governmental efforts to address indigenous, black, and Garífuna land claims in their Caribbean regions.

“In Nicaragua and Honduras, the World Bank forcibly linked loan guarantees for national land administration projects to concerted governmental efforts to address indigenous, black, and Garífuna land claims in their Caribbean regions (Dana 1998;Gordon, Gurdián and Hale 2003;Offen 2003).”

• cites Dana 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gordon, Gurdián and Hale 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Offen 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Colombia elected a constituent assembly and changed its constitution in 1991 in order to address calls for democratic reforms in a country torn apart by 40 years of civil war.

“In order to address calls for democratic reforms in a country torn apart by 40 years of civil war, Colombia elected a constituent assembly and changed its constitution in 1991.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some 35,000 people have received 22 titles totaling 366,973 hectares in Brazil.

“Although titling in Brazil is slow due to the arduous ethnohistorical evidence necessary for processing, some 35,000 people have received 22 titles totaling 366,973 hectares (Véran 2002).”

• cites Véran 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Brazil has borrowed World Bank money to title lands claimed by former quilombos.

“Brazil has also borrowed World Bank money to title lands claimed by former quilombos”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Over the last seven years a convergence of interests have come together to ensure that 4 percent of Colombia's national territory has been titled to rural black communities who, for the previous 500 years, enjoyed no territorial rights whatsoever.

“The process of negotiating the meaning of these territorial entities is still in progress, but some results speak for themselves: over the last seven years a convergence of interests have come together to ensure that 4 percent of Colombia's national territory has been titled to rural black communities who, for the previous 500 years, enjoyed no territorial rights whatsoever.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The community councils were newly created ethno-territorial and political entities required to solicit and administer the new territories.

“Required by law to receive a title, the councils were newly created ethno-territorial and political entities required to solicit and administer the new territories.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Since Brazil's constitutional change in 1988, 724 remnant quilombos have been identified, with 259 located in Bahia.

“Since Brazil's constitutional change in 1988, 724 remnant quilombos have been identified, with 259 of them located in the northeastern state of Bahia.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Global positioning systems and western cartographic techniques have been used by environmentalists working with indigenous peoples to improve natural resource management strategies.

“On the one hand, global positioning systems and western cartographic techniques have been used by environmentalists working with indigenous peoples to improve natural resource management strategies (Poole 1989;CSQ 1995;Herlihy 1997).”

• cites Poole 1989Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites CSQ 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Herlihy 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

By some estimates, 30% of national revenue is currently being transferred to Colombia's 1,034 municipalities.

“By some estimates, 30% of national revenue is currently being transferred to Colombia's 1,034 municipalities (Nickson 1995;Uribe 1997).”

• cites Nickson 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Uribe 1997Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Black communities had little experience organizing around ethnic or territorial issues before the constitutional reform of 1991.

“although black communities had little experience organizing around ethnic or territorial issues before the constitutional reform of 1991”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Over the last seven years the Colombian government demarcated and titled 4.5 million hectares of national lands to over 120 community councils representing over a quarter million Afro-Colombians.

“Over the last seven years the Colombian government has demarcated and titled 4.5 million hectares of national lands to over 120 community councils representing over a quarter million Afro-Colombians.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

One of the great paradoxes of the neoliberal sweep is that it simultaneously weakens central-state institutions at the same time that it places new demands upon them.

“Indeed, one of the great paradoxes of the neoliberal sweep is that it simultaneously weakens central-state institutions at the same time that it places new demands upon them.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The project is already among the most ambitious and radical territorial re-orderings ever attempted in Latin America.

“Not yet complete, the project is already among the most ambitious and radical territorial re-orderings ever attempted in Latin America (Table 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The World Bank played an important role in legitimizing black demands by ensuring the passage of Law 70 and funding consultations leading up to Decree 1745.

“As an institution, the World Bank played an important role in legitimizing black demands by ensuring the passage of Law 70 and funding consultations leading up to the important procedural Decree 1745.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Any attempt to protect 'the home' of local residents without their direct participation and empowered involvement will fail.

“Second is the realization that any attempt to protect 'the home' of local residents without their direct participation and empowered involvement will fail.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The World Bank views collective titles as necessary to stabilize property regimes in developing countries, to remove biodiverse lands from the vagaries of market forces, to foment foreign direct investment, and to attract appropriate technologies to biodiverse areas.

“Simply put, the bank views collective titles as necessary to stabilize property regimes in developing countries, to remove biodiverse lands from the vagaries of market forces (by insuring that collective properties can not be transferred), to foment foreign direct investment, and to attract appropriate technologies to biodiverse areas.”

• cites Davis and Wali 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pichón, Uquillas and Frechione 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sánchez Gutierrez and Roldán Ortega 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The new mode of spatial organization generally involves some form of administrative devolution of territory to indigenous and, to a lesser extent, black peoples who have historically claimed it.

“The new mode of spatial organization varies from place to place, but generally involves some form of administrative devolution of territory to indigenous and, to a lesser extent, black peoples who have historically claimed it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Various groups have mobilized to ensure that their interests receive attention within global environmental and indigenous rights agendas.

“The short answer to these questions is relatively simple: various groups have mobilized to ensure that their interests receive attention within global environmental and indigenous rights agendas.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

History, culture, politics, and technology merge through participatory mapping projects to inform and redefine community ideas of themselves, their territory, and their relationship to one another.

“History, culture, politics, and technology merge through participatory mapping projects to inform and redefine community ideas of themselves, their territory, and their relationship to one another (Offen 2003).”

• cites Offen 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

A land claim does not challenge the existing rules and regulations that govern property rights.

“Yet, by itself, a land claim does not challenge the existing rules and regulations that govern property rights.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Global institutions and environmentalists have realized that local people possess important environmental knowledge about the places they inhabit.

“The first is the realization by global institutions and environmentalists that local people pos-sess important environmental knowledge about the places they inhabit.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

A territorial claim demands an alteration of the rules governing property rights.

“A territorial claim is different; it demands an alteration of the rules.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The project has widespread implications for black and indigenous territorial aspirations throughout the lowland tropics and for understanding how identity and territory constitute one another.

“The project has widespread implications for black and indigenous territorial aspirations throughout the lowland tropics and for better understanding how identity and territory constitute one another.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Throughout the lowland tropics of Latin America, a new form of territorial governance is taking shape.

“Throughout the lowland tropics of Latin America, a new form of territorial governance is taking shape.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Territorial claims are about power, an assertion of identity, autonomy, and a measure of control over encompassed natural resources.

“Territorial claims are about power, an assertion of identity, autonomy, and a measure of control over encompassed natural resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The availability of geomatic technologies and the proliferation of partnerships that bring them into use among indigenous and black groups are part and parcel of the territorial turn in Latin America.

“The availability of geomatic technologies and the proliferation of the partnerships that bring them into use among indigenous and black groups are part and parcel of the territorial turn in Latin America.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many recalcitrant conservationists now accept the need to include some genuine and sustained social justice for conservation to succeed.

“As such, many recalcitrant conservationists now accept the need to include some genuine and sustained social justice for conservation to succeed (Stevens 1997;Zerner 2000;Offen 2004).”

• cites Stevens 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zerner 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Offen 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Regardless of the intent of the map, its high-tech gloss can lend an urgency and legitimacy to a spatial claim.

“Regardless of the intent of the map, its high-tech gloss can lend an urgency and legitimacy to a spatial claim.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Changing the priorities and strategies of the World Bank has been critical to the territorial turn and a direct response to domestic pressure in the bank's major donor countries.

“Changing the priorities and strategies of the World Bank has been critical to the territorial turn and a direct response to domestic pressure in the bank's major donor countries (Gray 1998;Horta 2001).”

• cites Gray 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Horta 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Central to imposed state reform in Latin America has been a simultaneous opening up and closing down-a decentralization of state duties to lower-level administrators and a devolution of costs and services to the private or NGO sectors.

“Central to imposed state reform in Latin America has been a simultaneous opening up and closing down-that is, a decentralization of state duties to lower-level administrators and a devolution of costs and services to the private or NGO sectors (Fox and Brown 1998).”

• cites Fox and Brown 1998Not checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

ILO 169 puts pressure on governments to recognize indigenous peoples' traditional lands and to grant indigenous peoples some form of administrative autonomy.

“ILO 169 puts pressure on governments to recognize indigenous peoples' traditional lands and to grant indigenous peoples some form of administrative autonomy (Tomei and Swepston 1996).”

• cites Tomei and Swepston 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

With the adoption of ILO 169, the insertion of social justice into conservation projects is also the law in many Latin American countries.

“With the adoption of ILO 169, as discussed above, the insertion of social justice into conservation projects is also the law in many Latin American countries.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

From the bank's point of view, each of these goals is mutually compatible and essential for limiting environmental degradation in areas of high poverty and biodiversity.

“From the bank's point of view, each of these goals is mutually compatible and essential for limiting environmental degradation in areas of high poverty and biodiversity (Davis and Wali 1994;Pichón, Uquillas and Frechione 1999;Sánchez Gutierrez and Roldán Ortega 2001;WB 2001WB , 2002a)).”

• cites Davis and Wali 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pichón, Uquillas and Frechione 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sánchez Gutierrez and Roldán Ortega 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Over the last decade, a wide range of global forces have combined to promote the territorial titling of collective lands to indigenous and black communities in the lowland tropics of Latin America.

“Over the last decade, a wide range of global forces have combined to promote the territorial titling of collective lands to indigenous and black communities in the lowland tropics of Latin America.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Once ratified, ILO 169 takes on the force of domestic law and provides indigenous and, increasingly, black groups legal leverage to hold national governments accountable for their actions and inactions.

“Most notably, once ratified, ILO 169 takes on the force of domestic law and provides indigenous and, increasingly, black groups legal leverage to hold national governments accountable for their actions and inactions (Plant 2000).”

• cites Plant 2000Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The influential role of geomatics and the physical process of demarcation in shaping indigenous and black conceptions of what constitutes their territory is interesting and under-appreciated.

“What is interesting and under-appreci-ated is the influential role of geomatics (techniques, technologies, maps) and the physical process of demarcation in shaping indigenous and black conceptions of what constitutes their territory (Offen 2003, n.d.).”

• cites Offen 2003, n.d. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This marks an unprecedented turn in land titling and reform in the hemisphere.

“This marks an unprecedented turn in land titling and reform in the hemisphere.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Under this paternalistic bargain, residents are given limited control of territorial resources in exchange for their commitment to conserve them.

“Under this paternalistic bargain, residents are given limited control of territorial resources in exchange for their commitment to conserve them (Hoekema and Assies 2000:255).”

• cites Hoekema and Assies 2000:255Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The process of cleansing, demarcating, and titling pitted legally defined ethnic groups against one another, especially in the Chocó where the first collective black titles were issued beginning in 1996.

“The process of cleansing, demarcating, and titling pitted legally defined ethnic groups against one another, especially in the Chocó where the first collective black titles were issued beginning in 1996.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many environmentalists have long stated that improving land security and access rights for indigenous peoples is the most viable way to protect the environment.

“After all, many environmentalists have long stated that improving land security and access rights for indigenous peoples is the most viable way to protect the environment (e.g., Stevens 1997).”

• cites Stevens 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Most black communities' territories have conformed to the historically rooted logic of the river.

“While stressing that most communities have, Oslender (2002a) highlights two contexts in which this logic was mediated by other concerns.”

• cites Oslender 2002aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

ALENPAC influenced the composition of the Community Council Unicosta, financed necessary workshops, and paid the filing costs for Unicosta's territorial claim.

“From the beginning, ALENPAC influenced the composition of the community council, financed necessary workshops, and paid the filing costs for Unicosta's territorial claim.”

• cites Oslender 2002aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The territorial turn in collective land titling received a boost in Latin America when the World Bank became a global leader in facilitating and financing the territorial turn.

“The territorial turn in collective land titling received a boost in Latin America when the World Bank became a global leader in facilitating and financing the territorial turn.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The World Bank is the number one financier of projects seeking to devolve territory to rural black and indigenous communities in Latin America.

“as the number one financier of projects seeking to devolve territory to rural black and indigenous communities in Latin American”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Geomatics and the social and intellectual process of demarcation shape people's ideas of territory and their relationship to it, and anchor identity in place in contexts of political openings that reward such modes of political articulation.

“I have emphasized the role of not only geomatics in shaping people's ideas of territory and their relationship to it, but also how the social and intellectual process of demarcation comes to anchor identity in place in the context of political openings that reward such modes of political articulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

In one case, a community named Soledad on the upper Rio Guajuí decided it had more in common politically and economically with communities on the Río Napi, 2-3 hours away by foot in a neighboring watershed.

“In one case, a community named Soledad on the upper Rio Guajuí decided it had more in common politically and economically with communities on the Río Napi, 2-3 hours away by foot in a neighboring watershed.”

• cites Oslender 2002aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In Colombia, as elsewhere, the nature of territorial autonomy is being negotiated by the same forces responsible for the territorial turn.

“In Colombia, as elsewhere, the nature of territorial autonomy is being negotiated by the same forces responsible for the territorial turn.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Reviews of the NRMP suggest that the World Bank steadfastly believes that territorial titling will simultaneously attract appropriate types of foreign investment and provide a secure base to protect biodiversity.

“Reviews of the NRMP suggest that the World Bank steadfastly believes that territorial titling will simultaneously attract appropriate types of foreign investment and provide a secure base to protect biodiversity (Sánchez Gutierrez and Roldán Ortega 2002).”

• cites Sánchez Gutierrez and Roldán Ortega 2002Not checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The World Bank is a coherent actor with intentions and beliefs that can be inferred from its documents and reviews.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The World Bank has more power than many national entities to shape the language and timing of reform laws and the procedural decrees implementing them.

“as an institution with more power than many national entities to shape the language and timing of reform laws and the procedural decrees implementing them.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The titling project is among the most ambitious undertakings of its kind in Latin America.

“the titling project is among the most ambitious undertaking of its kind in Latin America.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The titling project is embedded within a $39 million World Bank loan intended to strengthen natural resource management in Pacific Colombia.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Though intended to help protect the environment and safeguard multiculturalism, the territorial turn will also affect social relations in unpredictable ways.

“Though intended to help protect the environment and safeguard multiculturalism, the territorial turn will also affect social relations in unpredictable ways.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The World Bank is the largest financier of environmental protection/interventionist projects in the world.

“as the largest financier of environmental protection/interventionist projects in the world”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Community Council Unicosta's territorial claim and INCORA's rapid and positive reply were related to its heavy promotion by ALENPAC.

“Oslender (2002a) argues that Unicosta's territorial claim and INCORA's rapid and positive reply were related to its heavy promotion by the French-owned company Alimentos Enlatados del Pacífico (ALENPAC) which has been exporting naidí palm hearts from Unicosta's territory for the last 17 years.”

• cites Oslender 2002aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.