Cited by 0Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchMicrobial bioremediation and biosurfactantsEnvironmental Chemistry and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 14 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Destruction Of C7, C9 Perfluorocarboxylic Acids By The Strain Ensifer Adhaerens M1

Open access
Hkudaigulov, Gaisar, Sharipov, Danil, Starikov, Sergey, Chetverikov, Sergey·2024·Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the resistance to high concentrations of fluoride ions in the environment of the strain Ensifer adhaerens M1 isolated from soil at a fire extinguishing agent storage and testing site, to determine the growth kinetics and destruction of C7, C9 perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluoroheptanoic acid and perfluorononanoic acid, respectively, as the sole sources of carbon and energy. The degradation products of perfluorinated carboxylic acids were identified using LCMS-IT-TOF. It was found that the degradation process occurs in multiple stages leading to the formation of perfluorohexanoic acid and accompanied by the release of fluoride ions. Strain Ensifer adhaerens M1 is resistant to F- up to a concentration of 150 mg/L in the environment. Within 14 days of cultivation, bacteria completely utilized perfluoroheptanoic acid and perfluorononanoic acid. Based on chromatography-mass spectrometry and ion chromatography data, a scheme for the stepwise degradation of the investigated perfluorinated acids involving the enzymes coded by novR and dhlA genes is proposed.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Ensifer adhaerens M1, isolated from soil at a fire extinguishing agent storage and testing site, tolerated fluoride ions up to 3.57 mM and degraded C7 and C9 perfluorocarboxylic acids as sole carbon and energy sources. Degradation proceeded stepwise to perfluorohexanoic acid (m/z 313), with a proposed pathway involving enzymes coded by novR and dhlA.

Key findings

  • Strain M1 grew at NaF concentrations of 1.19–3.57 mM; at 7.14 mM, titer dropped by an order of magnitude by day 5 and no viable cells remained by day 11 (Table 1: 0.21±0.5 ×10⁸ CFU/mL at day 5; “–” at day 11).
  • Within 14 days of cultivation, bacteria completely utilized perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA); PFHpA showed 89% substrate decomposition by mass within 3 days.
  • LCMS-IT-TOF identified degradation products; defluorination proceeded stepwise to a substance with m/z 313, characteristic of perfluorohexanoic acid, accompanied by fluoride ion release. PFHpA degradation produced three intermediates; PFNA produced six.
  • A hypothetical degradation scheme is proposed: decarboxylase encoded by novR cleaves the COO⁻ group, and the enzyme encoded by dhlA removes two fluorine atoms.

Methods

  • Strain M1 was previously identified as Ensifer adhaerens and was cultivated on Raymond mineral medium with PFHpA or PFNA at 250 mg/L as sole carbon and energy source at 28 °C, 180 rpm, for 18 days.
  • Fluoride resistance was tested with NaF at 1.19, 2.38, 3.57, and 7.14 mM, with sampling on days 3, 5, and 11.
  • Fluoride ions were measured by ion chromatography; PFCAs and biotransformation products were analyzed by LCMS-IT-TOF in ultrafiltrates (≤3 kDa). Experiments were performed in three autonomous biological repeats; statistics used Microsoft Office Excel 2021.

Limitations

  • The paper states that fluoride ion accumulation inside the cell during perfluorinated substrate breakdown “requires more detailed and separate investigation,” and that future work plans to isolate the enzymes involved.
  • The proposed metabolic pathway is explicitly hypothetical, based on experimental and literature data; no direct enzyme assays or gene knockout experiments are reported.
  • Degradation product structures were determined from mass spectra and comparison with literature data, not from authentic standards as described in the text.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.11113/mjfas.v20n6.3655

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 14 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    During degradation of PFHpA and PFNA, the calculated concentration of F- does not exceed 20 mg/L.

    “It should be noted that in both cases, the calculated concentration of F -does not exceed 20 mg/l”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The biodegradation of PFHpA and PFNA by strain M1 proceeds in multiple stages (stepwise).

    “Results show that the degradation process occurs in multiple stages leading to the formation of perfluorohexanoic acid and accompanied by the release of fluoride ions.”
    • Also stated in: § C7, C9 Perfluorinated Acids Destruction Products Determination · plain
      “The study of the dynamics of biodegradation of PFHpA (C7-PFCA) and PFNA (C9-PFCA) showed that the defluorination process proceeds stepwise to a substance with m/z of 313, characteristic of perfluorohexanoic acid.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Strain Ensifer adhaerens M1 is resistant to fluoride ions up to 3.57 mM (150 mg/L) in the medium.

    “Strain Ensifer adhaerens M1 is resistant to F -up to a concentration of 3.57 mM in the environment.”
    • Also stated in: § Determination of Resistance of Strain to High Fluoride Concentrations · plain
      “In the range of fluoride ion concentrations from 1.19 mM to 3.57 mM, differences in titers for strain M1 in the culture liquid were insignificant.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
      “The E. adhaerens M1 bacterial strain showed the ability to grow at fluoride ion concentrations in the medium up to 150 mg/L”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    PFHpA and PFNA have different effects on the growth of strain M1.

    “When evaluating the growth of Ensifer adhaerens M1 on PFHpA and PFNA perfluorinated acids, it was found that different substrates had different effects on the growth of the strain Ensifer adhaerens M1 (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    Strain M1 shows tolerance to fluoride ions at concentrations significantly exceeding those at which B. subtilis BR151 showed substantial reduction in cell biomass (5-10 mM).

    “According to the results of the experiment, strain Ensifer adhaerens M1 shows tolerance to the presence of fluoride ions in the environment at concentrations significantly exceeding those obtained by Lesher et al., indicating a substantial reduction in the amount of cell biomass of B. subtilis BR151 at a fluoride ion concentration of 5-10 mM [31].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one. 12
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 6
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    For PFHpA degradation, the number of intermediates is three; for PFNA, it is six.

    “For the degradation of PFHpA, the number of intermediates was three, whereas when cultivated on PFNA, it was six.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    At 7.14 mM (300 mg/L) fluoride ion concentration, strain M1 titer drops by an order of magnitude on day 5 and no viable cells remain by day 11.

    “At a concentration of F -in the medium equal to 7.14 mM on the third day, the titer slightly increased, however, by the fifth day of the experiment, there was a sharp growth inhibition accompanied by a decrease in titer by an order of magnitude, and by the 11th day, there were no viable cells left in the culture liquid (Table 1).”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
      “at a concentration of 300 mg/L, the cell titer dropped by an order of magnitude on the fifth day, and complete cell death was observed by the 11th day.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    For PFHpA, the biological degradation process takes up to 3 days, with 89% substrate decomposition by mass, accompanied by a sharp increase in released F- ions, while OD readings change insignificantly.

    “For perfluoroheptanoic acid, the biological degradation process takes up to 3 days, with 89% substrate decomposition by mass, accompanied by a sharp increase in released F -ions at the same time, while OD readings change insignificantly.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In the second stage of PFHpA degradation, the intermediate product with m/z 319 is further degraded, leading to a significant increase in optical density between 3 and 12 days.

    “In the second stage, for perfluoroheptanoic acid, the intermediate product with m/z 319 is further degraded, leading to a significant increase in optical density between 3-12 days.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The metabolic pathway of PFHpA and PFNA degradation by M1 proceeds through stepwise decarboxylation and dehalogenation to perfluorohexanoic acid, involving enzymes encoded by novR and dhlA genes.

    “Based on chromatography-mass spectrometry and ion chromatography data, a scheme for the stepwise degradation of the investigated perfluorinated acids involving the enzymes coded by novR and dhlA genes is proposed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [37]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Microorganisms are capable of mitigating stress caused by fluoride ions due to their ability to rapidly adapt.

    “Microorganisms, due to their ability to rapidly adapt, are capable of mitigating the stress caused by F - [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    In the first stage of PFNA degradation, the enzyme decarboxylase encoded by the novR gene cleaves the COO- group and oxidizes the carboxyl group to form carbonic acid.

    “During the degradation of PFNA, in the first stage, the enzyme decarboxylase encoded by the novR gene [35] cleaves the COO -group.This enzyme oxidizes the carboxyl group to form carbonic acid.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Two types of fluoride ion active transport proteins are known: CLCF and Fluc.

    “One of the mechanisms of such resistance can be active transport systems for fluoride ions, and currently, two types of such proteins are known -CLC F (CLC-Fluoride) and Fluc (Fluoride channel) proteins [32; 33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [33]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The enzyme encoded by novR is identical to the one encoded by cloR, a bifunctional non-heme iron oxygenase that converts the substrate in two consecutive oxidative decarboxylation steps involving oxygen.

    “It is worth noting that this enzyme is identical to the one encoded by the cloR gene -bifunctional non-heme iron oxygenase [36], which converts the substrate in two consecutive oxidative decarboxylation steps involving oxygen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    E. adhaerens M1 is capable of utilizing C8 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFOA and PFOS) as sole sources of carbon and energy, forming perfluoroheptanoic acid and releasing free fluoride ions into the medium.

    “The strain E. adhaerens M1 is capable of utilizing C8 perfluorocarboxylic acids (perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate) as the sole sources of carbon and energy, forming perfluoroheptanoic acid and releasing free fluoride ions into the medium [23]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Strain M1 was previously identified as Ensifer adhaerens and is able to utilize C8 perfluorocarboxylic acids.

    “Strain M1 was identified in previous study as Ensifer adhaerens and able to utilize C8 perfluorocarboxylic acids [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    During degradation of perfluorinated substrates, fluoride ions likely accumulate inside the cell, so a smaller amount is needed for growth inhibition than exogenous fluoride.

    “When breaking down a perfluorinated substrate, it is likely that fluoride ions accumulate inside the cell, requiring a much smaller amount for growth inhibition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The decrease in titer and cell death at 7.14 mM fluoride is caused by accumulation of fluoride ions exceeding active transport capacity, triggering oxidative stress and phosphate displacement.

    “However, over time, when this threshold was exceeded, the balance shifted towards the accumulation of fluoride ions entering the cell over those removed by active transport systems.This imbalance could trigger a cascade of negative effects such as oxidative stress, displacement of phosphate ions, etc., leading to a significant decrease in titer on the fifth day and complete cell death of microorga”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The experimental protocols were carried out in three autonomous biological repeats.

    “The experimental protocols were carried out in three autonomous biological repeats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    A recombinant P. putida strain showed a 22% decrease in growth rate with 10 mM NaF and 41% growth inhibition with 20 mM α-fluorophenylacetic acid (equivalent to 10 mM released F-).

    “The same study reported a 22% decrease in growth rate for the investigated recombinant strain P. putida when introduced to 10 mM NaF in the nutrient medium, and a 41% growth inhibition when grown on 20 mM α-fluorophenylacetic acid (equivalent concentration of released F -is 10 mM), which correlates with our results [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

15 of 15
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The number of known PFAS degraders is not very large, and there are even fewer studies identifying degradation products and potential metabolic pathways.

    “It should be noted that the number of known PFAS degraders is not very large, and there are even fewer studies identifying degradation products and potential metabolic pathways.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The biodegradation of longer chain PFCAs and more persistent shortened PFCAs has not been extensively evaluated in scientific research.

    “If the biodegradation of PFOA has been studied by scientists, then the biodegradation of longer chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), which are likely more biodegradable, and more persistent shortened perfluorocarboxylic acids, has not been extensively evaluated in scientific research.”
2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • PFHpA intermediate count includes the starting acid

    Minor

    The conclusion reports three intermediates for PFHpA, but Table 2 lists only two substances besides the starting acid, m/z 363.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. UNEP/POPS/COP.4/38. (2009). Report of the conference of the parties of the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting. Geneva: Stockholm Convention Secretariat, 66- 69.

Cited by

Still being checked.

Metadata

Authors
Hkudaigulov, G., Sharipov, D., Starikov, S., & Chetverikov, S.
Affiliations
Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
Venue
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences
Published
2024-12-16
Volume
20
Issue
6
Pages
1308-1316
ISSN
  • 2289-5981 (ISSN-L)
  • 2289-599X
OpenAlex
W4405454237
Cited by
0
References
35
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders
Russian Science Foundation (23-24-00154)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
Keywords
perfluorocarboxylic acids, PFHpA, perfluorononanoic acid, fluoride resistance, bacterial growth kinetics, degradation products, perfluorohexanoic acid, fluoride release, biodegradation

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