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Study of Frost Properties Correlating With Frost Formation Types
Abstract
Frost formation process was studied by photographic observation, and frost formation types were classified into several groups according to their structure in the temperature range of 0 ∼ −25°C. Frost properties, density and effective thermal conductivity, were clarified in connection with the classified frost formation types, and the prediction of the thermal conductivity was performed by the presented structural model of a frost layer.
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In the citing paper
“The operating ranges reported by Hayashi et al. [24] for a flat plate are: 1) cold surface temperature: 18.6 ◦ C ≤ T cold surface ≤ -5 ◦ C, 2) air velocity: 2 m/s ≤ v ha ≤ 6 m/s, 3) constant air mean stream temperature: + 25 ◦ C, 4) RH: 38 %, and 5) test period: up to 450 min.”
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. [24] proposed a correla tion for the average frost density as a function of the frost surface tem perature based on the experimental results that showed the variation in frost surface density with time and nondimensional thickness.”
In the citing paper
“These experiments [24] were conducted on a flat plate.”
In the citing paper
“In tests 1c and 4, the frost thicknesses determined from image pro cessing on the inlet side were greater than the average thicknesses calculated from the measured cumulative mass and density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24].”
In the citing paper
“The average values of the thicknesses measured via image processing correlated well for tests 3 and 4”
In the citing paper
“In these tests, the Reynolds number (Eq. (38) (the measured mass and density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24]) varied between 3250 and 6799, whereas the face velocity was approxi mately1.8 m/s; in case the face velocity is approximately 1.35 m/s, the variation ranged between 2467 and 4622.”
In the citing paper
“The frost thickness estimated using the density correlation method proposed by Hayashi et al. [24] closely matched the frost thickness determined via image processing.”
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. (1977), Abdel-Wahed et al. (1984), Schulte and Howell (1982), Mao et al. (1992) and Cheng and Shiu (2002) found that the frost layer grows faster in the upstream than in the downstream of the plate.”
From Studies of an air cooler under frost condition (2019) · cites this paper as Hayashi et al. (1977)
In the citing paper
“During the third period, namely the FLFG period, the interface between the frost layer and the air reached a temperature of 0 ° C owing to the thermal resistance of the porous frost layer, and the upper part of the frost layer melted into water.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“In this study, the frost formation process under forced convection was divided into three periods according to the growth timeline, namely (1) the crystal growth (CG) period, (2) the frost layer growth (FLG) period, and (3) the frost layer full growth (FLFG) period.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“A few years later, Hayashi et al. [6] put forward a correlation for the frost density as a function of the frost surface temperature.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. [12] and Dietenberger [28] presented the cor relations of effective frost thermal conductivity based on a complicated parallel model and a combined model, as mentioned in Section 2.2, respectively.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hayashi et al. [12]
In the citing paper
“Hayashi [12] presented a simple correla tion, which was only a function of frost surface temperature, based on his own experimental data.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hayashi [12]
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. [12] firstly divided a frost formation process into three general stages: crystal growth, frost layer growth, and finally frost layer full growth.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Firstly, at the later stages of the frost formation, the calculated frost surface temperature is higher than the highest temperature in the range of validity of the frost density correlation [15], i.”
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EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FROST CONSIDERINGMASS DIFFUSION AND EDDY CONVECTION
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“Other methods include coupling a camera with a microscope (Cai et al. 2011; Huang and Liu 2010; Wang et al. 2012), using a micrometer (Lee et al. 2003, 1997; Sahin 1994; Yang and Lee 2004; Yun et al. 2002) and using a cathetometer (Sahin 1994; Hayashi et al. 1977).”
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Modeling of frost accretion on microchannel evaporators for household refrigerators
Boeng, J., de Araujo, T. E. H. R. P., Machado, M. W., & Stahelin, R. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131390 · Cited by 2
Xu, X. Y., & Wang, W. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125612 · Cited by 2
Farzaneh, M., Zgheib, N., Balachandar, S., & Sherif, S. A. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0366 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayashi, Y., Aoki, A., Adachi, S., & Hori, K.
- Affiliations
- Kanazawa University (JP)
- ORCID
- Aoki, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Heat Transfer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1977-05-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-245
- ISSN
- 0022-1481 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-8943
- OpenAlex
- W2020471379
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Keywords
- frost formation, frost density, effective thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity prediction, low-temperature thermal transport
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