Study of frost properties correlating with frost formation types
Abstract
Frost formation process was studied by photographic observation, and frost formation types were classified into several groups according to their structure in the temperature range of 0 ∼ −25°C. Frost properties, density and effective thermal conductivity, were clarified in connection with the classified frost formation types, and the prediction of the thermal conductivity was performed by the presented structural model of a frost layer.
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The operating ranges reported by Hayashi et al. [24] for a flat plate are: cold surface temperature 18.6°C ≤ T ≤ -5°C, air velocity 2 m/s ≤ v ≤ 6 m/s, constant air mean stream temperature +25°C, RH 38%, and test period up to 450 min.
“The operating ranges reported by Hayashi et al. [24] for a flat plate are: 1) cold surface temperature: 18.6 ◦ C ≤ T cold surface ≤ -5 ◦ C, 2) air velocity: 2 m/s ≤ v ha ≤ 6 m/s, 3) constant air mean stream temperature: + 25 ◦ C, 4) RH: 38 %, and 5) test period: up to 450 min.”
Hayashi et al. [24] proposed a correlation for the average frost density as a function of the frost surface temperature based on experimental results that showed variation in frost surface density with time and nondimensional thickness.
“Hayashi et al. [24] proposed a correla tion for the average frost density as a function of the frost surface tem perature based on the experimental results that showed the variation in frost surface density with time and nondimensional thickness.”
The experiments in [24] were conducted on a flat plate.
“These experiments [24] were conducted on a flat plate.”
In tests 1c and 4, the frost thicknesses determined from image processing on the inlet side were greater than the average thicknesses calculated from the measured cumulative mass and density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24].
“In tests 1c and 4, the frost thicknesses determined from image pro cessing on the inlet side were greater than the average thicknesses calculated from the measured cumulative mass and density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24].”
The average frost thicknesses measured via image processing correlated well with those calculated from the measured cumulative frost mass and the density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24] for tests 3 and 4.
“The average values of the thicknesses measured via image processing correlated well for tests 3 and 4”
In these tests, the Reynolds number varied between 3250 and 6799 at a face velocity of approximately 1.8 m/s, and between 2467 and 4622 at a face velocity of approximately 1.35 m/s.
“In these tests, the Reynolds number (Eq. (38) (the measured mass and density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24]) varied between 3250 and 6799, whereas the face velocity was approxi mately1.8 m/s; in case the face velocity is approximately 1.35 m/s, the variation ranged between 2467 and 4622.”
The frost thickness estimated using the density correlation method proposed by Hayashi et al. [24] closely matched the frost thickness determined via image processing.
“The frost thickness estimated using the density correlation method proposed by Hayashi et al. [24] closely matched the frost thickness determined via image processing.”
During the FLFG period, the interface between the frost layer and the air reached 0°C owing to the thermal resistance of the porous frost layer, and the upper part of the frost layer melted into water.
“During the third period, namely the FLFG period, the interface between the frost layer and the air reached a temperature of 0 ° C owing to the thermal resistance of the porous frost layer, and the upper part of the frost layer melted into water.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
The frost formation process under forced convection can be divided into three periods: crystal growth (CG), frost layer growth (FLG), and frost layer full growth (FLFG).
“In this study, the frost formation process under forced convection was divided into three periods according to the growth timeline, namely (1) the crystal growth (CG) period, (2) the frost layer growth (FLG) period, and (3) the frost layer full growth (FLFG) period.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Hayashi et al. put forward a correlation for frost density as a function of frost surface temperature.
“A few years later, Hayashi et al. [6] put forward a correlation for the frost density as a function of the frost surface temperature.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
Hayashi et al. [12] and Dietenberger [28] presented correlations of effective frost thermal conductivity based on a complicated parallel model and a combined model, respectively.
“Hayashi et al. [12] and Dietenberger [28] presented the cor relations of effective frost thermal conductivity based on a complicated parallel model and a combined model, as mentioned in Section 2.2, respectively.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hayashi et al. [12]
Hayashi [12] presented a simple correlation for average frost density, which was only a function of frost surface temperature, based on his own experimental data.
“Hayashi [12] presented a simple correla tion, which was only a function of frost surface temperature, based on his own experimental data.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hayashi [12]
For the first frosting type, a frost formation process can be divided into three general stages: crystal growth, frost layer growth, and frost layer full growth.
“Hayashi et al. [12] firstly divided a frost formation process into three general stages: crystal growth, frost layer growth, and finally frost layer full growth.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
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Li, S.-M., Yang, K., & Wang, C. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9030412 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Frost growth around a cylinder in a wet air stream
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Study of the thermal behavior of a latent heat cold storage unit operating under frosting conditions
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- Authors
- Hayashi, Y., Aoki, A., Adachi, S., & Hori, K.
- Affiliations
- Kanazawa University (JP)
- ORCID
- Aoki, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Heat Transfer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1977-05-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-245
- ISSN
- 0022-1481 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-8943
- OpenAlex
- W2020471379
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Keywords
- frost formation, frost density, effective thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity prediction, low-temperature thermal transport
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