The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Study of Frost Properties Correlating With Frost Formation Types
Abstract
Frost formation process was studied by photographic observation, and frost formation types were classified into several groups according to their structure in the temperature range of 0 ∼ −25°C. Frost properties, density and effective thermal conductivity, were clarified in connection with the classified frost formation types, and the prediction of the thermal conductivity was performed by the presented structural model of a frost layer.
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In the citing paper
“The operating ranges reported by Hayashi et al. [24] for a flat plate are: 1) cold surface temperature: 18.6 ◦ C ≤ T cold surface ≤ -5 ◦ C, 2) air velocity: 2 m/s ≤ v ha ≤ 6 m/s, 3) constant air mean stream temperature: + 25 ◦ C, 4) RH: 38 %, and 5) test period: up to 450 min.”
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. [24] proposed a correla tion for the average frost density as a function of the frost surface tem perature based on the experimental results that showed the variation in frost surface density with time and nondimensional thickness.”
In the citing paper
“These experiments [24] were conducted on a flat plate.”
In the citing paper
“In tests 1c and 4, the frost thicknesses determined from image pro cessing on the inlet side were greater than the average thicknesses calculated from the measured cumulative mass and density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24].”
In the citing paper
“The average values of the thicknesses measured via image processing correlated well for tests 3 and 4”
In the citing paper
“In these tests, the Reynolds number (Eq. (38) (the measured mass and density correlation method given by Hayashi et al. [24]) varied between 3250 and 6799, whereas the face velocity was approxi mately1.8 m/s; in case the face velocity is approximately 1.35 m/s, the variation ranged between 2467 and 4622.”
In the citing paper
“The frost thickness estimated using the density correlation method proposed by Hayashi et al. [24] closely matched the frost thickness determined via image processing.”
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. (1977), Abdel-Wahed et al. (1984), Schulte and Howell (1982), Mao et al. (1992) and Cheng and Shiu (2002) found that the frost layer grows faster in the upstream than in the downstream of the plate.”
From Studies of an air cooler under frost condition (2019) · cites this paper as Hayashi et al. (1977)
In the citing paper
“During the third period, namely the FLFG period, the interface between the frost layer and the air reached a temperature of 0 ° C owing to the thermal resistance of the porous frost layer, and the upper part of the frost layer melted into water.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“In this study, the frost formation process under forced convection was divided into three periods according to the growth timeline, namely (1) the crystal growth (CG) period, (2) the frost layer growth (FLG) period, and (3) the frost layer full growth (FLFG) period.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“A few years later, Hayashi et al. [6] put forward a correlation for the frost density as a function of the frost surface temperature.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. [12] and Dietenberger [28] presented the cor relations of effective frost thermal conductivity based on a complicated parallel model and a combined model, as mentioned in Section 2.2, respectively.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hayashi et al. [12]
In the citing paper
“Hayashi [12] presented a simple correla tion, which was only a function of frost surface temperature, based on his own experimental data.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hayashi [12]
In the citing paper
“Hayashi et al. [12] firstly divided a frost formation process into three general stages: crystal growth, frost layer growth, and finally frost layer full growth.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
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Items 101–200 of 404
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“(2020) have observed that the frost development in cryogenic conditions (<−150°C) is different from frosting under refrigeration conditions (>−20°C) (Hayashi et al., 1977).”
BackgroundExperimental study on frost formation on a cold surface in low atmospheric pressure
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Frost formation in vertical channels under natural convection
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Cheng, C., & Shiu, C.-C. (2003) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/s0140-7007(02)00020-8 · Cited by 34
“[4], the frost formation process may be roughly subdivided into three periods: (a) crystal growth period, (b) frost layer growth period, and (c) frost layer fully growth period.”
BackgroundNicholas, J. W., Koh, C. A., & Sloan, E. D. (2009) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.11921 · Cited by 32
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Chen, G., Deng, X., Zhang, G., & Yan, X. (2019) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.12.133 · Cited by 31
A note on frosting of heat pump evaporator surfaces
Barrow, H. (1985) · Journal of Heat Recovery Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-7593(85)90077-3 · Cited by 31
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Kong, X.-Q., Li, J.-Y., Wang, B., & Li, Y. (2020) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.104 · Cited by 29
Frost formation and heat transfer on circular cylinders in cross-flow
Raju, S. P., & Sherif, S. A. (1993) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/0140-7007(93)90056-e · Cited by 30
Sarmiento, A. P., de Sá Sarmiento, F. I. P., Shooshtari, A., & Ohadi, M. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123680 · Cited by 29
Choi, S.-H., & Kim, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.05.033 · Cited by 29
Moallem, E., Cremaschi, L., Fisher, D. E., & Hong, T. (2017) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.06.010 · Cited by 28
A semi-empirical model for predicting frost accretion on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces
Hermes, C., Sommers, A., Gebhart, C. W., & Nascimento, V. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.09.022 · Cited by 31
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Analysis of frost thickness and roughness growth from the perspective of frost crystal structure
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Evaporator Frosting in Refrigerating Appliances: Fundamentals and Applications
Hermes, C. J. L., Boeng, J., Silva, D. L. D., Knabben, F. T., & Sommers, A. D. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14185991 · Cited by 31
“Similarly, some key correlations for the frost density were summarized by Hermes et al. [61], spanning the literature from the pioneering work of Hayashi [35], who introduced an exponential relation between the frost density and the frost surface temperature.”
BackgroundFrost formation in rotary heat and moisture exchangers
Bilodeau, S., Brousseau, P., Lacroix, M., et al. (1999) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(98)00323-8 · Cited by 27
Frosting in a heat pump evaporator part B: Numerical analysis
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Zhao, X. T., Dong, B., Li, W., et al. (2016) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.122 · Cited by 26
A finite volume method to solve the frost growth using dynamic meshes
Bartrons, E., Oliet, C., Gutiérrez, E., Naseri, A. T., & Segarra, C. D. P. (2018) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.03.104 · Cited by 26
Frost formation as a temporary enhancer for quench pool boiling
Mazor, G., Korin, E., Nemirovsky, D., et al. (2012) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.11.048 · Cited by 26
Electric defrosting analysis of a finned-tube evaporator coil using the enthalpy method
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A frost model based on the frost layer's supporting function
Xu, Z., Wang, Z., Liang, Z., Chen, H., & Han, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123741 · Cited by 26
Experimental Characterization of Frost Growth on a Horizontal Plate Under Natural Convection
Niroomand, S., Fauchoux, M. T., & Simonson, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications · doi:10.1115/1.4040989 · Cited by 25
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Flat tube heat exchangers: Experimental analysis of frosting and water retention
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An Experimental Study on the Frost Formation over a Flat Plate: Effect of Frosting on Heat Transfer
Saygin, A., Basol, A. M., & Arik, M. (2023) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2023.110862 · Cited by 26
Experimental study on the accretion and release of ice in aviation jet fuel
Schmitz, M., & Schmitz, G. (2018) · Aerospace Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ast.2018.08.034 · Cited by 24
“They compared the growth characteristics with the initial frost formation period described in [10] and suggested that the ice deposition was due to the Bergeron process.”
ResultHeat and mass transfer inside the rotary heat exchanger operating under high speed rotor conditions
Jedlikowski, A., Kanaś, P., & Anisimov, S. (2020) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119558 · Cited by 24
Three-dimensional microstructure of frost layer measured by using X-ray μCT
MATSUMOTO, R., Uechi, T., & Nagasawa, Y. (2018) · Journal of Thermal Science and Technology · doi:10.1299/jtst.2018jtst0014 · Cited by 23
“structure can be divided into three regions by the crystal structure indicated by Hayashi and Aoki (1977) and Ohkubo, Matsushita and Saito (2015); the ice droplet region, the columnar crystal region and the dendrite crystal region.”
BackgroundWong, J. C. Q., Pareek, V. K., & Sun, B. (2022) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123396 · Cited by 23
Effect of frost layer on heat transfer of cryogenic fluid in a finned tube
Ren, L.-M., Jiao, W., Tian, X.-H., & Liu, T. (2020) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103115 · Cited by 17
Frost formation on frozen products preserved in domestic freezers
Laguerre, O., & Flick, D. (2007) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.036 · Cited by 22
Review and prospect of air source heat pump research: A bibliometric insight
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Condensation frosting detection and characterization using a capacitance sensing approach
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Study of frosting on a cryogenic surface from a perspective of thermal resistance analysis
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Experimental study of the characteristic of frosting on low-temperature air cooler
Haijie, Q., Li, W., Bo, D., Zhihai, Z., & Weiying, Z. (2014) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.02.021 · Cited by 22
“According to the characteristics of frost layer growth, the frosting process can be divided into three stages [21]; (a) crystal growth period, (b) frost growth period and (c) frost layer full growth period.”
BackgroundFrosting and defrosting characteristics of multi-layer coated aluminum surfaces
Yang, J. B., Jeon, J., Lee, H., Heu, C. S., & Kim, D. R. (2022) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106460 · Cited by 20
Experimental study of frost growth and jumping characteristics under an electric field
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Frost crystal growth behavior on a hydrophilic surface over a wide range of cold surface temperature
Li, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., & Zhao, S. (2024) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.014 · Cited by 18
Experimental investigation of frosting process on ice surface in ice rink
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Frost Temperature Relations for Defrosting Sensing System
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Modeling the Cooling Process Path of a Dehumidifying Coil Under Frosting Conditions
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Analysis of early-stage frost formation in natural convection over a horizontal cylinder
Tahavvor, A., & Yaghoubi, M. (2009) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.02.002 · Cited by 22
Ren, L.-M., Jiao, W., Tian, G., Tian, X.-H., & Liu, S.-S. (2021) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.04.035 · Cited by 15
Kwon, J., Yun, S., Lee, S., Cho, W., & Kim, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122245 · Cited by 19
Liang, X.-Y., & Wu, L. (2022) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112366 · Cited by 18
The effect of surface modification on initial ice formation on aluminum surfaces
Rahimi, M., Afshari, A., Fojan, P., & Gurevich, L. (2015) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.06.201 · Cited by 18
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Liang, Y., Song, M., Zhang, L., Xu, T., Liu, Q., & Kuang, W. (2026) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110695 · Cited by 18
Lai, T., Ding, P., Dong, X., Zhang, B., Chen, X., & Hou, Y. (2020) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115075 · Cited by 18
Farzaneh, M., Zgheib, N., Sherif, S. A., & Balachandar, S. (2022) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123233 · Cited by 18
An experimental study of the effect of air quality on frosting on cold flat surface
Gong, J., Sun, J., & Li, G. (2017) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.02.013 · Cited by 18
Aluminium Alloy 8011: Surface Characteristics
Rahimi, M., Fojan, P., Gurevich, L., & Afshari, A. (2015) · Applied Mechanics and Materials · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.29 · Cited by 18
“This observation is in line with previous works and researches [27][13][22].”
The mechanisms of frost formation on a semipermeable membrane
Niroomand, S., Fauchoux, M. T., & Simonson, C. J. (2022) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121912 · Cited by 16
CORRELATION OF WATER FROST POROSITY IN LAMINAR FLOW OVER FLAT SURFACES
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Analysis of Thermal Conductivity of Frost on Cryogenic Finned-tube Vaporizer Using Fractal Method
Chen, S.-P., Yao, S.-T., & Xie, F.-S. (2013) · Energy and Power Engineering · doi:10.4236/epe.2013.54b021 · Cited by 13
“Hayashi Y [9] believed that the change of density essentially depended on the surface temperature of frost which was changing frequently in the process of frosting.”
BackgroundSchmiesing, N. C., & Sommers, A. (2017) · Science and Technology for the Built Environment · doi:10.1080/23744731.2017.1333876 · Cited by 17
“Other seminal works include Hayashi et al. (1977) who derived a correlation to calculate the frost density, and Brian et al. (1970) who developed a correlation for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of the frost layer based on the mean frost surface temperature and the average frost…”
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Chang, Y.-S. (2011) · Journal of Thermal Science and Technology · doi:10.1299/jtst.6.123 · Cited by 17
“A growing process of the frost layer comprises three steps: crystallizing period, frost layer growing period and frost layer maturing period.((4)) When water vapor in the air condenses, the condensing vapor passes the transition through a supersaturated liquid state and freezes, generating a frost crystal nucleus.”
BackgroundYang, K.-S., Zheng, J.-W., Wu, K.-L., & Wu, Y.-L. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121338 · Cited by 17
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Quantitative measurements of nanoscale thin frost layers using surface plasmon resonance imaging
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Thermodynamic analysis of the influence of electric fields on frost formation
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Analysis of the heat transfer area distribution in a frosted plain fin-and-tube geometry
Morales-Fuentes, A., Chapa-Contreras, O. M., Méndez-Díaz, S., & Belman-Flores, J. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.01.016 · Cited by 15
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Transition reversal and one of its causes
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A physics-based model for frost buildup under turbulent flow using direct numerical simulations
Zgheib, N., Farzaneh, M., Balachandar, S., & Sherif, S. A. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121915 · Cited by 15
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Performance of a Circular Fin in a Cylindrical Porous Enclosure
Naidu, S. V., Rao, V. D., Sarma, P. K., et al. (2004) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2004.08.018 · Cited by 15
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Chen, Y., Liu, Z.-L., Li, Y.-X., Yu, F., & Li, Y. (2021) · International journal of refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.12.020 · Cited by 14
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Generalized lattice Boltzmann model for frosting.
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Free convection frost growth in a narrow vertical channel
Tanda, G., & Fossa, M. (2006) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.11.010 · Cited by 14
“[1] identified three different periods in frost formation process: (a) a crystal growth period, characterised by a one-dimensional growth of frost crystals in the direction perpendicular to the frosting surface, (b) a frost layer growth period, when the frost crystals interact with”
BackgroundFrost Growth in Regenerative Wheels
Shang, W., Chen, H., & Besant, R. (2005) · ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.2005274 · Cited by 14
Experimental Study on Frost Height of Round Plate Fin-Tube Heat Exchangers for Mobile Heat Pumps
Lee, M., Kim, Y., & Lee, D.-Y. (2012) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en5093479 · Cited by 15
“Hayashi [9] found that the amount of frosting gets larger at the entrance of an air flow, in agreement with the general results of other papers.”
ResultGendebien, S., Parthoens, A., & Lemort, V. (2019) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.039 · Cited by 15
A Review of Methods and Techniques for Detecting Frost on Plant Surfaces
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Development and validation of a numerical model for frost growth based on nucleation theory
Qiu, G., Li, S., Shi, Y., Fang, X., & Cai, W. (2023) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.125137 · Cited by 15
Li, D., Shang, Y., Dai, R., & Tang, P. (2024) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.107652 · Cited by 13
Modeling of Frost Growth on Heat Exchanger Surfaces
Schmitz, G. (2006) · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayashi, Y., Aoki, A., Adachi, S., & Hori, K.
- Affiliations
- Kanazawa University (JP)
- ORCID
- Aoki, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Heat Transfer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1977-05-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-245
- ISSN
- 0022-1481 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-8943
- OpenAlex
- W2020471379
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Keywords
- frost formation, frost density, effective thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity prediction, low-temperature thermal transport
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