Cited by 582Optical Polarization and EllipsometryOptical Imaging and Spectroscopy TechniquesCutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management

Imaging skin pathology with polarized light

Open access
Jacques, Steven L., Ramella-Roman, Jessica C., Lee, Kenneth·2002·Journal of Biomedical Optics

Abstract

Linearly polarized light that illuminates skin is backscattered by superficial layers and rapidly depolarized by birefringent collagen fibers. It is possible to distinguish such superficially backscattered light from the total diffusely reflected light that is dominated by light penetrating deeply into the dermis. The method involves acquisition of two images through an analyzing linear polarizer in front of the camera, one image (I par) acquired with the analyzer oriented parallel to the polarization of illumination and one image (I per) acquired with the analyzer oriented perpendicular to the illumination. An image based on the polarization ratio, Pol5(I par-I per)/(I par+I per), is created. This paper compares normal light images, represented by I per , and Pol images of various skin pathologies in a pilot clinical study using incoherent visible-spectrum light. Images include pigmented skin sites (freckle, tattoo, pigmented nevi) and unpigmented skin sites [nonpigmented intradermal nevus, neurofibroma, actinic keratosis, malignant basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, vascular abnormality (venous lake), burn scar]. Images of a shadow cast from a razor blade onto a forearm skin site illustrate the behavior of Pol values near the shadow edge. Near the shadow edge, Pol approximately doubles in value because no I per photons are superficially scattered into the shadow-edge pixels by the shadow region while I par photons are directly backscattered from the superficial layer of these pixels. This result suggests that the point spread function in skin for cross-talk between Pol pixels has a half-width-half-max of about 390 µm.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1117/1.1484498

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Jacques, S. L., Ramella-Roman, J. C., & Lee, K.
Affiliations
  • Providence St. Vincent Medical Center (US)
  • Oregon Health and Science Univ.
  • Oregon Medical Laser Ctr.
Venue
Journal of Biomedical Optics
Published
2002-07-01
Volume
7
Issue
03
Pages
329-340
ISSN
  • 1083-3668 (ISSN-L)
  • 1560-2281
OpenAlex
W2044515481
Cited by
582
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
FWCI
15.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Biomedical Optics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01ca080985-03)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01-CA84587, R01-CA80985)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
Keywords
polarization imaging, dermatopathology, collagen birefringence, polarization ratio, skin pigmentation, freckles, tattoos, pigmented nevi, neurofibroma, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, venous lakes, burn scars, point spread function
MeSH terms
Adult, Biophysics, Burns, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Cicatrix, Humans, Keratosis, Neurofibroma, Nevus, Pigmented, Pilot Projects, Scattering, Radiation, Skin, Skin Abnormalities, Skin Neoplasms, Optics and Photonics, Biophysical Phenomena

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review