Development of a compact terahertz time-domain spectrometer for the measurement of the optical properties of biological tissues
Open accessAbstract
Terahertz spectrometers and imaging systems are currently being evaluated as biomedical tools for skin burn assessment. These systems show promise, but due to their size and weight, they have restricted portability, and are impractical for military and battlefield settings where space is limited. In this study, we developed and tested the performance of a compact, light, and portable THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) device. Optical properties were collected with this system from 0.1 to 1.6 THz for water, ethanol, and several ex vivo porcine tissues (muscle, adipose, skin). For all samples tested, we found that the index of refraction (n) decreases with frequency, while the absorption coefficient (μa) increases with frequency. Muscle, adipose, and frozen/thawed skin samples exhibited comparable n values ranging between 2.5 and 2.0, whereas the n values for freshly harvested skin were roughly 40% lower. Additionally, we found that the freshly harvested samples exhibited higher μa values than the frozen/thawed skin samples. Overall, for all liquids and tissues tested, we found that our system measured optical property values that were consistent with those reported in the literature. These results suggest that our compact THz spectrometer performed comparable to its larger counterparts, and therefore may be a useful and practical tool for skin health assessment.
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Conventional terahertz TDS systems with delay lengths of several 100 picoseconds achieve measurement speeds of only a few to a few hundred pulse traces per second, falling short of high-speed monitoring requirements.
“For a delay length of several 100 picoseconds, the measurement speed of conventional systems ranges from a few to few 100 terahertz pulse traces per second [15][16][17], and thus falls short of the requirements for high-speed monitoring.”
From Fastest Thickness Measurements with a Terahertz Time-Domain System Based on Electronically Controlled Optical Sampling (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Section 2.4 (page unavailable) reports that the paper’s compact THz-TDS system acquired waveforms at 5 Hz, supporting the low-speed end of the cited range. It does not establish that conventional systems with delays of several hundred picoseconds span a few to a few hundred traces per second, or assess high-speed monitoring requirements. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Biological effects of in vitro THz radiation exposure in human foetal fibroblasts
Amicis, A. D., Sanctis, S. D., Cristofaro, S. D., Franchini, V., Lista, F., Regalbuto, E., Giovenale, E., Gallerano, G. P., Nenzi, P., Bei, R., et al. (2015) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.06.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Terahertz technology and its applications in head and neck diseases
Shi, S., Yuan, S., Zhou, J., & Jiang, P. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107060 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“6 THz for muscle, adipose tissue, and skin Wilmink et al.(38)”
BackgroundHigh-power femtosecond-terahertz pulse induces a wound response in mouse skin
Kim, K.-T., Park, J., Jo, S. J., Jung, S., Kwon, O., Gallerano, G. P., Park, W., & Park, G. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep02296 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Terahertz Portable Handheld Spectral Reflection (PHASR) Scanner
Harris, Z. B., Khani, M. E., & Arbab, M. H. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3045460 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Systems in which a single-detector imaging head is raster scanned over a stationary target [5], [25], [26] suffer from alignment and size limitations similar to movingtarget systems, but have paved the way for the development of more portable THz devices [12], [27]–[29].”
BackgroundMethodGiant Third-Order Nonlinear Response of Liquids at Terahertz Frequencies
Tcypkin, A. N., Zhukova, M. O., Melnik, M. V., Vorontsova, I. O., Сергеевич, К. М., Эдуардович, П. С., Kozlov, S. A., Choudhary, S., & Boyd, R. W. (2021) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.15.054009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Terahertz Imaging Applications in Agriculture and Food Engineering: A Review
Wang, C., Qin, J., Xu, W., Chen, M., Xie, L., & Ying, Y. B. (2018) · Transactions of the ASABE · doi:10.13031/trans.12201 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Continuous wave terahertz imaging for NDT: Fundamentals and experimental validation
da Costa, F. B., Machado, M. A., Bonfait, G., Vieira, P. M., & Santos, T. G. (2020) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108904 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Using a portable terahertz spectrometer to measure the optical properties of in vivo human skin
Echchgadda, I., Grundt, J. A., Tarango, M., Ibey, B. L., Tongue, T. D., Liang, M., Xin, H., & Wilmink, G. J. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.18.12.120503 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLabel-free protein detection using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Han, X., Yan, S., Zang, Z., Wei, D., Cui, H., & Du, C. (2018) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.9.000994 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Harris, Z. B., & Arbab, M. H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2022.3200210 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Portable THz spectroscopy has been demonstrated for singlepoint measurement using the battery-powered micro-Z [30] and mini-Z [31], [32] devices.”
MethodArtificial neural networks for material parameter extraction in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Klokkou, N., Gorecki, J., Wilkinson, J. S., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2022) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.454756 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Terahertz probe for real time in vivo skin hydration evaluation
Ding, X., Young, J., Costa, G., Dogra, A., Hardwicke, J., & Pickwell‐MacPherson, E. (2024) · Advanced Photonics Nexus · doi:10.1117/1.apn.3.1.016012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“10,24,25 26 – 29 Recently, Harris et al. developed a THz portable handheld spectral reflection scanner for fast THz imaging in 0.25 to 1.25 THz with a field of view of 12 mm × 9 mm ; it was applied in the assessment of burn wounds on a porcine model.”
MethodInfluentialDetection of fungal infections in chestnuts: a terahertz imaging-based approach
Girolamo, F. V. D., Pagano, M., Tredicucci, A., Bitossi, M., Paoletti, R., Barzanti, G. P., Benvenuti, C., Roversi, P. F., & Toncelli, A. (2020) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107700 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Biomedical Applications of Integrating Sphere: A Review
Rehman, A. U., Ahmad, I., & Qureshi, S. A. (2020) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101712 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Paraffin-Embedded Prostate Cancer Tissue Grading Using Terahertz Spectroscopy and Machine Learning
Knyazkova, A. I., Borisov, A. V., Спирина, Л. В., & Kistenev, Y. V. (2020) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-020-00673-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Label-free techniques for laboratory medicine applications
Chen, X., Liu, Y., Huang, J., Liu, W., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., & Fu, W. (2017) · Frontiers in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.flm.2017.06.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kanzaki, H., Ishihara, R., Ishiguro, S., Nagai, K., Matsui, F., Yamashina, T., Ohta, T., Yamamoto, S., Hanaoka, N., Hanafusa, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12059 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Field Intensity Detection of Individual Terahertz Pulses at 80 MHz Repetition Rate
Rettich, F., Vieweg, N., Cojocari, O., & Deninger, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-015-0162-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
In vitro terahertz spectroscopy of gelatin-embedded human brain tumors: a pilot study
Zaytsev, K. I., Chernomyrdin, N. V., Gavdush, A. A., Beshplav, S.-I. T., Malakhov, K. M., Kucheryavenko, A. S., Katyba, G. M., Dolganova, I. N., Goryaynov, S. A., Karassik, V., et al. (2018) · Saratov Fall Meeting: Optical and Nanotechnologies for Biology and Medicine (SFM) · doi:10.1117/12.2316302 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“the THz spectroscopy and imaging, which are portable, ergonomic, fast, and, thus, reliable for use in a clinical practice.(37,38)”
MethodXiang, Y., Shi, J., Wang, Y., Yang, K., Zhao, X., Wang, G., Xu, D., Wang, Y., Yao, J., & Fu, W. (2018) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.201700386 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Electrodynamic eigenmodes in cellular morphology
Cifra, M. (2012) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.06.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Towards Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Packaging: Screening Folded Boxes for Package Inserts
Brinkmann, S., Vieweg, N., Gärtner, G., Plew, P., & Deninger, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-016-0345-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mizuno, M., Kitahara, H., Sasaki, K., Tani, M., Kojima, M., Suzuki, Y., Tasaki, T., Tatematsu, Y., Fukunari, M., & Wake, K. (2021) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.412769 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Baughman, W., Yokus, H., Balci, S., Wilbert, D. S., Kung, P., & Kim, S. M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology · doi:10.1109/tthz.2013.2267416 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nanotechnology-supported THz medical imaging
Stylianou, A., & Talias, Μ. A. (2013) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-100.v1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
THz Imaging of Skin Burn: Seeing the Unseen—An Overview
Dutta, M., Bhalla, A. S., & Guo, R. (2016) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2015.0685 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Photothermal effects of terahertz-band and optical electromagnetic radiation on human tissues
Reddy, I. V. A. K., Elmaadawy, S., Furlani, E. P., & Jornet, J. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41808-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Parametric analysis of transient skin heating induced by terahertz radiation
Zilberti, L., Arduino, A., Bottauscio, O., & Chiampi, M. (2014) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.21842 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Such a spread can be easily noticed for the frequency of 1 THz, by comparing the most relevant papers [Fitzgerald et al., 2003; Pickwell and Wallace, 2006; Wilmink et al., 2011b].”
BackgroundSaha, S. C., Grant, J. P., Ma, Y., Khalid, A., Hong, F., & Cumming, D. R. S. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.6.067006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Baughman, W. E., Yokus, H., Balci, S., Wilbert, D. S., Kung, P., & Kim, S. M. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2013.2243158 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Galuza, A. A., Kolenov, I., Sokolenko, V. I., Lytvynenko, V. V., & Gruzdo, I. (2024) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-024-01029-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Harris, Z. B., Xu, K., & Arbab, M. H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68530-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Analysis of dermal composite conditions using collagen absorption characteristics in the THz range
Mizuno, M., Yaekashiwa, N., & Watanabe, S. (2018) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.9.002277 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meta-Sticker: Sub-Terahertz Metamaterial Stickers for Non-Invasive Mobile Food Sensing
Karmakar, S., Kludze, A., & Ghasempour, Y. (2023) · ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys) · doi:10.1145/3625687.3625815 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In particular, the refractive index of starch (1.2 to 1.3) and cellulose (1.4 to 1.6) are usually smaller than smaller sugar molecules (1.8 to 2.0) in the sub-terahertz regime [18, 36, 41, 54, 55].”
BackgroundInfluentialIwatsubo, T., Ishihara, R., Yamasaki, Y., Tonai, Y., Hamada, K., Kato, M., Suzuki, S., Kono, M., Fukuda, H., Shimamoto, Y., et al. (2020) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01534-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
In vivospectroscopy of healthy skin and pathology in terahertz frequency range
Zaytsev, K. I., Kudrin, K. G., Reshetov, I. V., Gavdush, A. A., Chernomyrdin, N. V., Karasik, V. E., & Yurchenko, S. O. (2015) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/584/1/012023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Biomedical applications of terahertz technology
Shur, M. S., & Liu, X. (2022) · doi:10.1117/12.2604800 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Towards Fingerprint Spoofing Detection in the Terahertz Range
Pałka, N., & Kowalski, M. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123379 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Terahertz characteristics of skin presented in the literature [51] differ because they depend on many factors, including place of measurements and state and age of the person, as well as measurement setup and conditions.”
BackgroundInfluentialSingh, K., Bandyopadhyay, A., Bertling, K., Lim, Y. L., Gillespie, T., Indjin, D., Li, L. H., Linfield, E. H., Davies, A. G., Dean, P., et al. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23052721 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Apart from these considerations, the ultimate challenge is the implementation of THz technology as a portable, rapid, and reliable approach for hydration sensing/mapping, either on the laboratory scale or in the field, where uptake remains low [20,21].”
BackgroundForoughimehr, N., Vilagosh, Z., Yavari, A., & Wood, A. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23135853 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The dielectric properties for the cornea and the eyelids (skin) in the THz region were obtained from references [37,38].”
MethodGenerating in vivo continuous ultrasound based on sub-terahertz photoacoustic effect
Ichikawa, N., & Monnai, Y. (2023) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0157652 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reddy, I. V. A. K., & Jornet, J. M. (2022) · International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT) · doi:10.1109/dcoss54816.2022.00064 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Water has high absorption peaks in the THz regime, and as the human body is composed of 70% water, human tissue will experience high absorption [41], [42].”
BackgroundTerahertz imaging for non-invasive classification of healthy and cimiciato-infected hazelnuts
Gennari, F., Pagano, M., Toncelli, A., Lisanti, M. T., Paoletti, R., Roversi, P. F., Tredicucci, A., & Giaccone, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19891 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“water, in the THz range provides information which cannot be obtained with analogous techniques [19,33].”
BackgroundVilagosh, Z., Lajevardipour, A., & Wood, A. (2018) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22156 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The ex-vivo human skin data are broadly in line with ex-vivo “frozen/thawed” porcine skin [Wilmink et al., 2011], ex-vivo muscle and liver [Huang et al., 2008], and exvivo stomach mucosa [Ji et al., 2014].”
BackgroundMethodTerahertz Plasmonic Sensor Based on Metal–Insulator Composite Woven-Wire Mesh
Lu, J.-Y., Chen, P.-L., & You, B. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12090669 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Compared to the high probe frequency for dry analytes, the lower probe frequency for water-containing analytes achieved less water absorption and a deeper water penetration depth [42], consequently promoting the SNR of the sensing device.”
BackgroundAyaki, M., Manabe, N., Tomida, A., Tada, N., Matsunaga, T., Murota, M., Fujita, M., Katsumata, R., Kobara, H., Masaki, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.15808 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
True OEM terahertz systems for industrial applications
Vieweg, N., Deninger, A. J., & Leisching, P. (2019) · Photonic Instrumentation Engineering · doi:10.1117/12.2511268 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“, the number of complete waveforms per second) to values between a few Hz to about 100 Hz at most [12].”
BackgroundSurfing the spectrum – what is on the horizon?
Lancaster, P. E., Carmichael, F., Britton, J., Craddock, H. L., Brettle, D. S., & Clerehugh, V. (2013) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.994 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Trends in Terahertz Technology
Meziani, Y. M., & Velázquez-Pérez, J. E. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.102214 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Introduction to the Biological Effects of Terahertz Radiation
Bucur-Portase, R.-C. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.111416 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Permittivity Characterization of Human Skin at Sub-THz Using Free Space Reflection Coefficients
Xue, B., Tuomela, J., Haneda, K., Icheln, C., & Ala‐Laurinaho, J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3486159 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Low-THz Vibrations of Biological Membranes
Luyet, C., Elvati, P., Vinh, J., & Violi, A. (2023) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes13020139 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For practical reason, we assumed n(ω) = 1 as, in this range, the correction is almost linear [63].”
BackgroundBeneduci, A., & Chidichimo, G. (2012) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-012-9888-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Towards quality control in pharmaceutical packaging: Screening folded boxes for package inserts
Brinkmann, S., Vieweg, N., Gärtner, G., Plew, P., & Deninger, A. J. (2016) · International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) · doi:10.1109/irmmw-thz.2016.7758570 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Isabella, S. S. J., Sunitha, K. A., Magesh, K., Arjunan, S. P., & Pesala, B. (2022) · Journal of Spectroscopy · doi:10.1155/2022/3627705 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“)e majority of tissues studied by THz spectroscopy are classified into three types paraffin embedded tissues [40, 41], fresh tissues [42], and frozen tissues [43, 44].”
BackgroundYanina, I. Y., Nikolaev, V. V., Захарова, О. А., Borisov, A. V., Dvoretski, K. N., Berezin, K. V., Kochubey, V. I., Kistenev, Y. V., & Tuchin, V. V. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12102395 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kazemipour, A., Kleine‐Ostmann, T., Schräder, T., Allal, D., Charles, M., Zilberti, L., Borsero, M., Bottauscio, O., & Chiampi, M. (2016) · IEEE Microwave Magazine · doi:10.1109/mmm.2016.2538514 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Foroughimehr, N., Vilagosh, Z., Yavari, A., & Wood, A. (2024) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22526 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The absorption coef fi cient ( α ) of water increases from − 40.0 m 1 at 1.0 GHz to − 14, 000 m 1 at 400 GHz (Vilagosh et al., 2022; Wilmink et al., 2011).”
Influentialp-Cresol quantum-classical photodynamics, photostatic UV, IR and Raman spectra
Pomogaev, V. A., Bocharnikova, E. N., Avramov, P. V., & Tchaikovskaya, O. N. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.142986 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Identify paraffin-embedded brain glioma using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy
Li, Z., Meng, K., Chen, T., Chen, T., Zhu, L., Liu, Q., Zhao, L., Li, F., Zhong, S.-C., Feng, H., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2075165 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bagheri, M. K., Bahadoran, M., Hosseini, M., & Noorden, A. F. A. (2024) · Sensing and Imaging · doi:10.1007/s11220-024-00519-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Terahertz optical and mechanical properties of the gelatin-starch-glycerol-bentonite biopolymers
Zhang, T., Zakharova, M., Викторовна, В. А., Валерьевич, П. А., Fokina, M. I., Nazarov, R. K., Kuzikova, A. V., Demchenko, P., Uspenskaya, M. V., & Khodzitsky, M. K. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Photonics & Engineering · doi:10.18287/jbpe20.06.020304 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“THz optical properties of water were also compared with the published data [24] for the device calibration.”
ResultElmaadawy, S., & Jornet, J. M. (2023) · IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF) · doi:10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520521 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Baseri, A., & Alighanbari, A. (2024) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.533462 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Transmission and propagation of terahertz waves in plastic waveguides
Ung, B., & Skorobogatiy, M. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857096494.1.28 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging of Brain Tumors
Zaytsev, K. I., Dolganova, I. N., Karasik, V. E., Курлов, В. Н., Reshetov, I. V., Tuchin, V. V., Beshplav, S.-I. T., & Aa, P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44594-2_16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Non-invasive Sub-Terahertz Blood Glucose Measurement
Koul, S. K., & Kaurav, P. (2022) · Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-3140-6_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Spectral and intensity control of high energy terahertz radiation from bulk liquids
Kumar, V. R., Jana, K., Dey, I., Vardhan, K. C., Lad, A. D., Brown, J. M., Gaarde, M. B., Couairon, A., & Kumar, G. R. (2021) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ac3455 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thermal and SAR-Based Limits for Human Skin Exposed to Terahertz Radiation
Elmaadawy, S., & Jornet, J. M. (2025) · International Telecommunications Conference (ITC-Egypt) · doi:10.1109/itc-egypt66095.2025.11186625 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The electrical properties, including the refractive index and absorption coefficient for frequencies ranging from 0.1 THz to 5 THz, were sourced from [17], [18].”
InfluentialTerahertz scattering microscopy for dermatology diagnostics
Tanga, A. A., Giliberti, V., Vitucci, F., Vitulano, D., Bruni, V., Rossetti, A., Messina, G. C., Daniele, M., Ruocco, G., & Ortolani, M. (2021) · Journal of Physics Photonics · doi:10.1088/2515-7647/abfecb · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“From [21] we retrieve the values for fresh human skin at 0.”
MethodTryptophan as a biomarker using terahertz spectroscopy
Altan, H., & Gurel, O. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822790-9.00013-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Terahertz Constant Velocity Flying Spot for 3D Tomographic Imaging
Aouali, A., Chevalier, S., Sommier, A., & Pradère, C. (2023) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging9060112 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This result was predictable because the hydroalcoholic gel is essentially composed of water, which is almost opaque at the wavelength of the source (λ = 3 mm) [29].”
BackgroundDESIGN AND VALIDATION OF NOVEL ELECTRICALLY ROTATING EDDY CURRENT PROBES
Ye, C. (2016) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/m5tb1b · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Detection of individual terahertz pulses at 80 MHz repetition rate
Rettich, F., Vieweg, N., Cojocari, O., & Deninger, A. J. (2015) · International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) · doi:10.1109/irmmw-thz.2015.7327693
Ung, B. (2012) · PolyPublie (École Polytechnique de Montréal)
Marczewski, J., Obrębski, D., Kołaciński, C., Zbieć, M., Kucharski, K., Zagrajek, P., & Kopyt, P. (2016) · International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/mixdes.2016.7529730
“Attempts are carried out to measure the samples dehydrated using various methods and at low temperatures (frozen) [5].”
MethodSun, Y., Lu, X.-X., & Xie, P. (2018) · Infrared, Millimeter-Wave, and Terahertz Technologies · doi:10.1117/12.2500373
Dielectric-based Components and Methods for Terahertz Sensing
Colleoni, M. P. M. (2020) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/149569
“These optical delay lines can be both mechanical (which include point to point [6], [17] and voice-coil ones [18]) or implemented through opto-electronic techniques such as ECOPS or ASOPS [19], [20].”
MethodThe calculation of the wavelengths of natural electromagnetic oscillations of a cell
Kharlanov, A. V. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1679/5/052043
Vibrational Nonlinear Response of Liquids Far from Resonance in THz Frequency Range
Nabilkova, A., Zhukova, M. O., Melnik, M. V., Tcypkin, A. N., & Kozlov, S. A. (2021) · International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) · doi:10.1109/irmmw-thz50926.2021.9567556
- Authors
- Wilmink, G. J., Ibey, B. L., Rivest, B. D., Grundt, J. E., Roach, W. P., Tongue, T. D., Schulkin, B. J., Laman, N., Peralta, X. G., Roth, C. C., & Cerna, C. Z.
- Affiliations
- United States Air Force Research Laboratory (US)
- United States Air Force (US)
- Zomega Terahertz (United States) (US)
- General Dynamics (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Optics
- Publisher
- SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
- Published
- 2011-04-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 1083-3668 (ISSN-L)
- 1560-2281
- OpenAlex
- W2095758757
- Semantic Scholar
- 8648eba09a548e99fad73383314071981d4dc295
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Optics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0934218)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Keywords
- terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, compact spectrometer, portable instrumentation, tissue optical properties, refractive index, absorption coefficient, porcine skin, porcine muscle, porcine adipose tissue, tissue hydration
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Ethanol, Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Muscles, Refractometry, Skin, Swine, Water, Terahertz Spectroscopy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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