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Deep optical imaging of tissue using the second and third near-infrared spectral windows
Open accessAbstract
Light at wavelengths in the near-infrared (NIR) region allows for deep penetration and minimal absorption through high scattering tissue media. NIR light has been conventionally used through the first NIR optical tissue window with wavelengths from 650 to 950 nm. Longer NIR wavelengths had been overlooked due to major water absorption peaks and a lack of NIR-CCD detectors. The second NIR spectral window from 1100 to 1350 nm and a new spectral window from 1600 to 1870 nm, known as the third NIR optical window, were investigated. Optical attenuation measurements from thin tissue slices of normal and malignant breast and prostate tissues, pig brain, and chicken tissue were obtained in the spectral range from 400 to 2500 nm. Optical images of chicken tissue overlying three black wires were also obtained using the second and third spectral windows. Due to a reduction in scattering and minimal absorption, longer attenuation lengths and clearer optical images could be seen in the second and third NIR optical windows compared to the conventional first NIR optical window. A possible fourth optical window centered at 2200 nm was noted.
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“Sordillo et al.58 described the potential of longer wavelength light to follow a linear trajectory for a greater distance than shorter wavelength light, due to a reduction in scattering and absorption coefficients.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“NIR I has been well characterised for imaging human tissue [12,18,20–25], and NIR II, III and IV have been shown to offer increased penetration and optical transparency over NIR I in a range of ex-vivo and in-vivo tissue including normal and malignant breast and prostate tissue, human aorta, pig and mouse brain and chicken and rat tissue [18,26–28].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Similar has been shown to be true for other tissues, and NIR II and III have also been exploited for deep-tissue high-resolution optical imaging [27,31–36].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
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Self-citationHorosh, M., Feldman, H., Yablonovich, A., Firer, M. A., & Abookasis, D. (2016) · Applied Spectroscopy · doi:10.1177/0003702816665125 · Cited by 4
“It is interesting to note the work of the Alfano group who reported recently on the advantage within this window for deep imaging of brain and other tissues.(38,46) They named this specific region a ‘‘golden window’’ since it is featured with minimal absorption (high transmittance) and greater penetration depth.”
BackgroundInvestigation of skin structures based on infrared wave parameter indirect microscopic imaging
Zhao, J. H., Liu, X., Xiong, J., & Zhou, L. M. (2017) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2266770 · Cited by 4
“The first “therapeutic window”, wavelength range [11] (650-950nm), is conventionally used for most NIR tissue imaging studies and photodynamic therapy applications.”
BackgroundLee, H.-A., Lin, P.-Y., Solomatina, A. I., Koshevoy, I. O., Tunik, S. P., Lin, H., Pan, S., & Ho, M. (2021) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c04344 · Cited by 4
Melentsova, A. A., Lipina, O. A., Chufarov, A. Y., Tyutyunnik, A. P., & Zubkov, V. G. (2025) · Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s0036023624603131 · Cited by 3
Liu, N., Mirmajidi, H., Crozier, L., & Hemmer, E. (2025) · Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/d5qi01571e · Cited by 3
Kaur, M., Singh, A., Sankhla, M. S., & Tangra, A. K. (2026) · Journal of the Indian Chemical Society · doi:10.1016/j.jics.2026.102430 · Cited by 3
Brunetta, M., Qiao, Z., Nodari, D., Sasaki, K., Furlan, F., Rimmele, M., Kim, H. W., Chen, H., Tagawa, Y., Marsh, A. V., et al. (2026) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202506776 · Cited by 3
Sharma, P., Valimukhametova, A. R., Castro-Lopez, N., Gunderson, L. P. K., Vashani, D., Chumley, M. J., Wormley, F. L., & Naumov, A. V. (2026) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.6c00374 · Cited by 3
The principles of machine learning algorithms: Applications to biophotonics and disease
Sordillo, D. C., & Sordillo, L. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822790-9.00016-4 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSalehpour, F., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S., Mahmoudi, J., Kamari, F., Cassano, P., & Hamblin, M. R. (2023) · Synthesis lectures on biomedical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36231-6_3 · Cited by 3
Laser tissue welding by using collagen excitation at a 1,720 nm near-infrared optical window III
Thomas, S., Sriramoju, V., & Alfano, R. R. (2023) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.500113 · Cited by 3
“This region on the NIR spectrum is often called the “first therapeutic window” [16,18,19].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSecond and third NIR optical windows for imaging of bone microfractures
Sordillo, L. A., Pu, Y., Sordillo, P. P., Budansky, Y., & Alfano, R. R. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2051917 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPhotoacoustic Molecular Imaging: Principles and Practice
Yao, J., & Wang, L. V. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00016-8 · Cited by 3
Hand-Held Optoacoustic System for the Localization of Mid-Depth Blood Vessels
Or, Z., Levi, A., Hazan, Y., & Rosenthal, A. (2022) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics9120907 · Cited by 3
Cannon, T. M., Bouma, B. E., & Uribe‐Patarroyo, N. (2023) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.494518 · Cited by 3
Optical access to the brain through a transparent cranial implant
Cano‐Velázquez, M. S., Davoodzadeh, N., Halaney, D. L., Jonak, C. R., Binder, D. K., Hernández-Cordero, J. A., & Aguilar, G. (2020) · Optical Biopsy: Toward Real-Time Spectroscopic Imaging and Diagnosis · doi:10.1117/12.2541042 · Cited by 3
Multimodal Imaging with NIR Light
Doan, T. K. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9627-8_11 · Cited by 3
Study of Phenylalanine NIR Spectra for Phenylketonuria Determination
Dekel, B. Z., Cohen, Y., & Feldman, M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Spectroscopy · doi:10.1007/s10812-021-01127-1 · Cited by 3
Spoilage of foods monitored by native fluorescence spectroscopy with selective excitation wavelength
Pu, Y., Wang, W., & Alfano, R. R. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2075611 · Cited by 3
“These methods include microscopy, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) bioluminescence, and techniques based on immunological or nucleic acid-based procedures [17], using native fluorescence [18-23], optical molecule-labeling [24-30] and optical microscopic [31, 32] techniques in the medical spectroscopy and imaging [33-40].”
MethodSelf-citationStability of indocyanine green for clinical use
Pratavieira, S., Bagnato, V. S., & Geralde, M. C. (2017) · doi:10.1117/12.2282148 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSordillo, L. A., Sordillo, D. C., Shi, L., Sordillo, P. P., & Alfano, R. R. (2020) · Optical Biopsy: Toward Real-Time Spectroscopic Imaging and Diagnosis · doi:10.1117/12.2550311 · Cited by 3
Self-citationHomsirikamol, C., Suvanasuthi, S., & Viravaidya‐Pasuwat, K. (2020) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s267119 · Cited by 3
Garcı́a-Martı́nez, P., Moreno, I., Sánchez-López, M. D. M., Gomis, J., Martínez, P. M., & Cofré, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2021.651147 · Cited by 3
“In fact, the extension to NIR light could be very important in different areas, like optical fiber communications, with standard windows operating at 980 nm, 1,330m, and 1,550 nm [10], or in biomedical imaging, where the conventional therapeutical windows are centered at ranges of 650–950 nm (first window) or 1,100–1,…”
BackgroundFluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles
Bartkowski, M., & Giordani, S. (2023) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839167324-00183 · Cited by 3
Design of a Wearable fNIRS Neuroimaging Device with an Internet-of-Things Architecture
Cay, G. (2017) · doi:10.23860/thesis-cay-gozde-2017 · Cited by 3
“[15] Figure 2 shows the absorption spectra of Hb, HbO2 and water [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialVersatile pulses and dynamic evolution in a 1.7-μm ultrafast Tm-doped fiber laser
Wang, Z., Zhu, J., Ji, Y., Liu, J., & Song, Y. (2025) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2025.132419 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Sordillo, L. A., Pu, Y., Pratavieira, S., Budansky, Y., & Alfano, R. R.
- Affiliations
- City College of New York (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Optics
- Publisher
- SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
- Published
- 2014-05-07
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 05
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 1083-3668 (ISSN-L)
- 1560-2281
- OpenAlex
- W2090063882
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 23.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Optics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command (W81XWH-11-1-0335)
- U. S. Army Medical Research and Material Command (W81XWH-11-1-0335)
- U. S. Army Medical Research and Material Command USAMRMC (W81XWH-11-1-0335, 47204-00-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
- Keywords
- deep tissue imaging, optical loss, tissue scattering, breast tissue, prostate tissue, pig brain, chicken tissues, water absorption, optical imaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Chemistry, Breast Neoplasms, Chickens, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prostatic Neoplasms, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Swine, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Optical Imaging
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