Second window for in vivo imaging
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The foremost challenge in high-performance deep-tissue NIR-II imaging is the development of fluorescent probes with bright emission in the NIR-II window.
“The foremost challenge in achieving high-performance deep-tissue NIR-II imaging lies in the development of fluorescent probes that exhibit bright emission within this window42,43.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
The Abstract says a lack of biocompatible fluorescent probes in the second near-infrared window had prevented in vivo imaging, and that bright nanotubes enabled deep, sensitive imaging. It does not identify developing bright-emitting probes as the foremost challenge; it also discusses camera sensitivity and probe biocompatibility as obstacles. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNIR II and III have been exploited for deep-tissue high-resolution optical imaging in other tissues.
“Similar has been shown to be true for other tissues, and NIR II and III have also been exploited for deep-tissue high-resolution optical imaging [27,31–36].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
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“The foremost challenge in achieving high-performance deep-tissue NIR-II imaging lies in the development of fl uorescent probes that exhibit bright emission within this window 42,43 .”
- Authors
- Smith, A. M., Mancini, M. C., & Nie, S.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nie, Shuming
- ORCID
- Nie, Shuming
- Venue
- Nature Nanotechnology
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 710-711
- ISSN
- 1748-3387 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-3395
- PMC
- PMC2862008
- OpenAlex
- W1997479687
- Cited by
- 2,848
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 137 · 2025: 219 · 2024: 208 · 2023: 231 · 2022: 261 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 300 · 2019: 250 · 2018: 249 · 2017: 210 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 14.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Nanotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u01hl080711-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01-HL080711)
- National Eye Institute (PN2EY018244)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA108468, RC2CA148265, U54CA119338)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM072069)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- second near-infrared window, carbon nanotubes, fluorescence imaging, near-infrared camera, small animal imaging, in vivo imaging, optical imaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Blood Vessels, Humans, Luminescent Measurements, Organ Specificity, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Nanotubes, Carbon, Quantum Dots, Mice, Optical Phenomena, Molecular Imaging
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