Does Caffeine Increase Fat Metabolism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Whether caffeine (CAF) increases fat metabolism remains debatable. Using systematic review coupled with meta-analysis, our aim was to determine effects of CAF on fat metabolism and the relevant factors moderating this effect. Electronic databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched using the following string: CAF AND (fat OR lipid) AND (metabolism OR oxidation). A meta-analytic approach aggregated data from 94 studies examining CAF’s effect on fat metabolism assessed by different biomarkers. The overall effect size (ES) was 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.30, 0.47], p < .001), indicating a small effect of CAF to increase fat metabolism; however, ES was significantly higher (p < .001) based on blood biomarkers (e.g., free fatty acids, glycerol) (ES = 0.55, 95% CI [0.43, 0.67]) versus expired gas analysis (respiratory exchange ratio, calculated fat oxidation) (ES = 0.26, 95% CI [0.16, 0.37]), although both were greater than zero. Fat metabolism increased to a greater extent (p = .02) during rest (ES = 0.51, 95% CI [0.41, 0.62]) versus exercise (ES = 0.35, 95% CI [0.26, 0.44]) across all studies, although ES was not different for studies reporting both conditions (ES = 0.49 and 0.44, respectively). There were no subgroup differences based on participants’ fitness level, sex, or CAF dosage. CAF ingestion increases fat metabolism but is more consistent with blood biomarkers versus whole-body gas exchange measures. CAF has a small effect during rest across all studies, although similar to exercise when compared within the same study. CAF dosage did not moderate this effect.
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Available evidence suggests that pre-exercise caffeine intake may, under certain conditions, promote lipolysis, enhance fat oxidation, and improve specific metabolic responses.
“Available evidence suggests that pre-exercise caffeine intake may, under certain conditions, promote lipolysis, enhance fat oxidation, and improve specific metabolic responses [18,19,20].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
Acute caffeine intake increases fat oxidation during submaximal exercise.
“Consistent with these trial-level findings, several meta-analyses have reported that acute caffeine intake increases fat oxidation during submaximal exercise [18,19].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Conger, S. A., Tuthill, L. M., & Millard-Stafford, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Boise State University (US)
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2023-03-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 112-120
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W4311115197
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Works (Boise State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Coca-Cola Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine, fat metabolism, fat oxidation, lipid metabolism, free fatty acids, glycerol, respiratory exchange ratio, expired gas analysis, blood biomarkers, physical activity, caffeine dosage
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Exercise, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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