Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
This study used the meta-analytic approach to examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing. Forty double-blind studies with 76 effect sizes (ES) met the inclusion criteria. The type of exercise test was classified as endurance, graded, or short-term. In comparison with placebo, caffeine improved test outcome by 12.3% (95% CI, 9.1 to 15.4), which was equivalent to an overall ES of 0.41 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.51). Endurance exercise significantly improved test outcome (P < 0.05) more than either graded or short-term exercise. When exercise protocol was examined, time-to-exhaustion (T lim) protocols had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) ES than either the graded or the non-T lim protocol(s). The results from this meta-analysis confirm the ergogenic effects of caffeine, particularly for endurance testing that use T lim protocols.
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Caffeine has performance-enhancing effects during physical exercise, including delayed time to exhaustion and lower ratings of perceived exertion.
“The performance-enhancing effects of caffeine during physical exercise include delayed time to exhaustion and lower ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (Doherty and Smith 2004; Pereira et al. 2016).”
From Effects of caffeine and acute exercise on the validity of a submaximal cycle ergometer test: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study (2026) · cites this paper as Doherty and Smith 2004
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- Authors
- Doherty, M., & Smith, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- Smith, Paul M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 626-646
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W133690388
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine, ergogenic aids, exercise testing, endurance exercise, time to exhaustion, graded exercise, short-term exercise, placebo comparison, caffeine supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Caffeine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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