Athlete-reported outcome measures for monitoring training responses: A systematic review of risk of bias and measurement property quality according to the COSMIN guidelines

Jeffries, Annie C.; Wallace, Lee; Coutts, Aaron J.; McLaren, Shaun J.; McCall, Alan; Impellizzeri, Franco M.

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0386

Cited by 94Sports Performance and TrainingPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and Validation

Athlete-reported outcome measures for monitoring training responses: A systematic review of risk of bias and measurement property quality according to the COSMIN guidelines

Jeffries, Annie C., Wallace, Lee, Coutts, Aaron J., McLaren, Shaun J., McCall, Alan, Impellizzeri, Franco M.·2020·International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

DOI 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0386

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Athlete-reported outcome measures (AROMs) are frequently used in research and practice but no studies have examined their psychometric properties. OBJECTIVES: Part 1-identify the most commonly used AROMs in sport for monitoring training responses; part 2-assess risk of bias, measurement properties, and level of evidence, based on the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Methodological quality of the studies, quality of measurement properties, and level of evidence were determined using the COSMIN checklist and criteria. RESULTS: Part 1-from 9446 articles screened for title and abstract, 310 out of 334 full texts were included; 53.9% of the AROMs contained multiple items, while 46.1% contained single items. Part 2-from 1895 articles screened for title and abstract, 71 were selected. Most measurement properties of multiple-item AROMs were adequate, but content validity and measurement error were inadequate. With the exclusion of 2 studies examining reliability and responsiveness, no validity studies were found for single items. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement properties of multiple-item AROMs derived from psychometrics were acceptable (with the exclusion of content validity and measurement error). The single-item AROMs most frequently used in sport science have not been validated. Additionally, nonvalidated modified versions of the originally nonvalidated items are common. Until proper validation studies are completed, all conclusions based on these AROMs are questionable. Established reference methods, such as those of clinimetrics, should be used to develop and assess the validity of AROMs.

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Andrade, E., Arce, C., Francisco, C. D., Torrado, J., & Garrido, J. (2013) · Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Workload, Fatigue, and Muscle Damage in an Under-20 Rugby Union Team Over an Intensified International Tournament
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Predicting sickness during a 2-week soccer camp at 3600 m (ISA3600)
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High Match Load’s Relation to Decreased Well-Being During an Elite Women’s Rugby Sevens Tournament
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Chatard, J., Atlaoui, D., Pichot, V., Gourné, C., Duclos, M., & Guezennec, Y. (2003) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2003.09.013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Training Periodization Over an Elite Rugby Sevens Season: From Theory to Practice
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sIL-6R Is Related to Weekly Training Mileage and Psychological Well-being in Athletes
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Variations of season workload and well-being status among professional roller-hockey players: Full season analysis
Gonçalves, L., Clemente, F. M., Silva, B., Mendes, B., Lima, R., Bezerra, P., & Camões, M. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112785 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

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Development of a Revised Conceptual Framework of Physical Training for Use in Research and Practice
Jeffries, A. C., Marcora, S., Coutts, A. J., Wallace, L., McCall, A., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01551-5 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
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Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Sport: Narrative Review
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Integrative Proposals of Sports Monitoring: Subjective Outperforms Objective Monitoring
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Athlete monitoring practices in elite sport in the United Kingdom
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Perceived load, fatigue and recovery responses during congested and non-congested micro-cycles in international football tournaments
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Training Load Monitoring Considerations for Female Gaelic Team Sports: From Theory to Practice
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Effects of lower-limb intermittent pneumatic compression on sports recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Analysing the predictive capacity and dose-response of wellness in load monitoring
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Monitoring Training Effects in Athletes: A Multidimensional Framework for Decision-Making
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Relationship Between Athlete-Reported Outcome Measures and Subsequent Match Performance in Team Sports: A Systematic Review
Sansone, P., Rago, V., Kellmann, M., & Alcaráz, P. E. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004605 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Dose–Response in Elite Soccer: Preliminary Insights From Menstrual-Cycle Tracking During the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019
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The tracking of internal and external training loads with next-day player-reported fatigue at different times of the season in elite soccer players
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Outcome measures in the management of gluteal tendinopathy: a systematic review of their measurement properties
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Understanding ‘monitoring’ data–the association between measured stressors and athlete responses within a holistic basketball performance framework
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Quantifying Fatigue in the Rugby Codes: The Interplay Between Collision Characteristics and Neuromuscular Performance, Biochemical Measures, and Self-Reported Assessments of Fatigue
Naughton, M., McLean, S., Scott, T. J., Weaving, D., & Solomon, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.711634 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Investigating the effects of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent training loads in basketball players
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Travel Across More Time Zones Results in Worse Perceived Fatigue and Sleep in National-Team Footballers
Clements, E., Ehrmann, F., Clark, A. L., Jones, M. D., McCall, A., & Duffield, R. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0230 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Real-World Fatigue Testing in Professional Rugby Union: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Grainger, A., Comfort, P., Twist, C., Heffernan, S. M., & Tarantino, G. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01973-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
More than metrics: The role of socio-environmental factors in determining the success of athlete monitoring
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Does perceived wellness influence technical–tactical match performance? A study in youth international rugby using partial least squares correlation analysis
Ramírez‐López, C., Till, K., Weaving, D., Boyd, A. J., Peeters, A., Beasley, G., Bradley, S., Giuliano, P., Venables, C., & Jones, B. L. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1936195 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Development of a revised conceptual framework of physical training for measurement validation and other applicationsPreprint
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Monitoring the recovery-stress states of athletes: Psychometric properties of the acute recovery and stress scale and short recovery stress scale among Dutch and Flemish athletes
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The Sleep, Recovery, and Nutrition Characteristics of Elite Adolescent Athletes
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An Improved Logistic Regression Method for Assessing the Performance of Track and Field Sports
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Impact of a 6-Day Official Tournament on Physical Demands, Perceptual–Physiological Responses, Well-Being, and Game Performance of Under-18 Basketball Players
García, F., Castellano, J., Vicens‐Bordas, J., Vázquez‐Guerrero, J., & Ferioli, D. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0460 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Weekly Fluctuations in, and Associations Between, Salivary Hormone Responses, Load, and Well-Being During the Pre-season in Professional Male Basketball Players
Kamarauskas, P., Scanlan, A. T., Ferioli, D., & Conte, D. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004589 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Effect of Rugby Union Match Play on Sleep Patterns and Subsequent Impact on Postmatch Fatigue Responses
Leduc, C., Weaving, D., Owen, C., Lacome, M., Ramírez‐López, C., Skok, M., Tee, J. C., & Jones, B. L. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0421 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The exchange of health and performance information when transitioning from club to National football teams: A Delphi survey of National team practitioners
McCall, A., Davison, M., Massey, A., Oester, C., Weber, A., Buckthorpe, M. W., & Duffield, R. (2022) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2022.03.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Precision strength training: Data-driven artificial intelligence approach to strength and conditioningPreprint
Teikari, P., & Pietrusz, A. (2021) · doi:10.31236/osf.io/w734a · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological StatePreprint
Shushan, T., Lovell, R. J., McLaren, S. J., Buchheit, M., Scott, T. J., & Barrett, S. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ry3pu · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Is Travel Associated With Match Performance in Elite North American Professional Soccer? An Exploratory Study
Draper, G., Chesterton, P., & Wright, M. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0035 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Prospective cohort study identifying risk factors for sports injuries in adolescent athletes: the Healthy Injury-Free Adolescent Athletes (HIFAA) study
Lindman, I., Augustsson, S. R., Baranto, A., Sansone, M., & Abrahamson, J. (2024) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002253 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Defining and quantifying fatigue in the rugby codes
Naughton, M. R., Scott, T. J., Weaving, D., Solomon, C., & McLean, S. G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282390 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Individually guided training prescription by heart rate variability and self-reported measure of stress tolerance in recreational runners: Effects on endurance performance
Figueiredo, D. H., Figueiredo, D. H., Bellenger, C. R., & Machado, F. A. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2191082 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flight Path and Scheduling Effects on Perceived Jet Lag, Fatigue, and Sleep in Footballers Traveling to and From National Teams
Clements, E., Ehrmann, F., Clark, A. L., Jones, M. D., McCall, A., & Duffield, R. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2023-0027 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Influence of Travel Demands and Match Load on Recovery Following Postmatch Travel in National-Team Footballers
Clements, E., Ehrmann, F., Clark, A. L., Jones, M. D., McCall, A., & Duffield, R. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0211 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Road to Becoming a World Champion in Futsal
Travassos, B. F. R., Braz, J., Mendes, J. L., Palas, P., Rodrigues, M., Silvério, J., & Brito, J. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0414 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
What Are the Load and Wellness of Young Second-Team Football Players When Transitioning to the First Team? A Comparison of 2 Consecutive Preseasons
Martin‐Garetxana, I., Ciaurri, J., Gil, S. M., Monasterio, X., Ugarte, A., Lekue, J. A., & Larruskain, J. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0324 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Training load and players’ readiness monitoring methods used in volleyball
Vavassori, R., Arroyo, M. P. M., & Espá, A. U. (2024) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.56.1.10 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Poor Reliability of Measurement Instruments to Assess Acute Responses to Load in Soccer Players Irrespective of Biological Maturity Status
Ruf, L., Drust, B., Ehmann, P., Forster, S., Hecksteden, A., & Meyer, T. (2022) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2021-0070 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Monitoring Training Load and Wellness of Female Footballers Transitioning Between Club and National Teams
Brown, G. A., Massard, T., Wignell, T., McCall, A., & Duffield, R. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004532 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development and initial validation of the Engagement in Athletic Training Scale
Liu, J., Wu, J.-X., Zou, Y.-D., Wang, Z.-H., Zhang, S., Hu, J.-C., & Liu, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1402065 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
From lab to field: validity and reliability of inertial measurement unit-derived gait parameters during a standardised run
Webber, E., Leduc, C., Emmonds, S., Eglon, M., Hanley, B., Iqbal, Z., Sheoran, S., Chaisson, C., & Weaving, D. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2408195 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Elite Junior Australian Football Players With Impaired Wellness Are at Increased Injury Risk at High Loads
Lathlean, T. J. H., Newstead, S., & Gastin, P. B. (2022) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381221087245 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Factors affecting NBA game performance over the course of a season
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Development and Validation of Single Items for Fatigue and Recovery in Dancers
Jeffries, A. C., Novak, A. R., Coutts, A. J., McCall, A., McLaren, S. J., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Novel Approach for Monitoring Training Load and Wellness in Women’s College Gymnastics
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Translation and Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Rating-of-Fatigue Scale
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Performance Quality Assessment in Ballet, Modern and Contemporary Dance: A Two-Step Systematic Review
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Application of Improved GM (1, 1) Model in Prediction of Training Results of 100 Meter Race
Du, H. (2022) · Mobile Information Systems · doi:10.1155/2022/2047644 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Menstrual Phase and Postmatch Perceptual Recovery Responses for Naturally Menstruating Football Players
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Effect of Match Schedule Density on Self-Reported Wellness and Sleep in Referees During the Rugby World Cup
Elsworthy, N., Lastella, M., Scanlan, A. T., & Blair, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0062 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Perspectives on Postmatch Fatigue From 300 Elite European Soccer Players
Salvo, V. D., Bonanno, D., Modonutti, M., Scanavino, A., Donatelli, C., Pigozzi, F., & Lolli, L. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0200 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Monitoring training adaptation: a scoping review of the relationship between self-reported subjective variables and resting vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) in adult athletes
Alfonso, C., Haydt, V., Allen, M. S., Capdevila, L., & Laborde, S. (2025) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2025.2541350 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The short-term relation between load and acute psychophysiological responses in football: a meta-analysis and methodological considerations
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Enhancing recovery between training? Investigating the benefits of compression stockings in runners
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Factors Affecting Performance and Recovery in Team Sports: A Multidimensional Perspective
Bian, C. (2022) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88974-922-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Night-to-night variability of objective sleep outcomes in youth Middle Eastern football players
Lolli, L., Bonanno, D., Lopez, E., & Salvo, V. D. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.03.023 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Caffeine supplementation during official basketball games: a randomized crossover study on the effects on game-related statistics and perceptual responses of adult male players
Gasperi, L., Sansone, P., Gómez, M., Ruíz‐Moreno, C., & Coso, J. D. (2024) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.24.16189-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Factors Informing Training Load During the Transition From Club to National Football Teams
Gould, J. J., Clements, E., Ehrmann, F., & Duffield, R. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2023-0418 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prospective study of food intake changes in adolescent elite athletes
Larsson, M., Lindman, I., Hörnell, A., & Abrahamson, J. (2024) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2024-000954 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Authors’ Response to Comment on: “Development of a Revised Conceptual Framework of Physical Training for Use in Research”
Jeffries, A. C., Marcora, S., Coutts, A. J., Wallace, L., McCall, A., & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01628-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fitness testing and readiness practices among female football practitioners: A survey study
McQuilliam, S. J., de Keijzer, K. L., Jeffries, A. C., & Beato, M. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541251340283 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biochemical and Perceptual Markers of Physiological Stress During Acute Exercise Overload in U20 Elite Basketball Players
López-Cuervo, J. M., Rojas-Jaramillo, A., García, A., González-Santamaría, J., Humeres, G., Stout, J. R., Odriozola-Martínez, A., & Bonilla, D. A. (2025) · Stresses · doi:10.3390/stresses5030052 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Perceptual Well-Being and Sleep Patterns Are Negatively Impacted Surrounding Games Irrespective of Schedule Among Elite Basketball Referees: An Exploratory, Observational Study
Elsworthy, N., Leicht, A. S., Guy, J. H., Vaquera, A., & Scanlan, A. T. (2026) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2025.2608366 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The readiness–preparedness bias: recalibrating monitoring logic
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Influence of Menstrual Phase and Symptoms on Sleep Before and After Matches for Professional Footballers
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Acute Effects of Dark Chocolate on Physical Performance in Young Elite Soccer Players: A Pilot Study
Benedetti, L., Nigro, F., Malaguti, M., Michele, R. D., & Angeloni, C. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15020965 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Stress Drives Soccer Athletes’ Wellness and Movement: Using Convergent Cross-Mapping to Identify Causal Relationships in a Dynamic Environment
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Athlete Related Outcome Measures for monitoring training responses: a systematic review of measurement properties and instrument quality.Preprint
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Authors: Jeffries, A. C., Wallace, L., Coutts, A. J., McLaren, S. J., McCall, A., & Impellizzeri, F. M.
ORCID: Jeffries, Annie C.
Wallace, Lee
Coutts, Aaron J.
McLaren, Shaun J.
McCall, Alan
Impellizzeri, Franco M.
Venue: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2020-10-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 9
Pages: 1203-1215
ISSN: 1555-0265 (ISSN-L)
1555-0273
DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0386
OpenAlex: W3087156594
Cited by: 94
References: 90
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1
FWCI: 2.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: psychometric properties, COSMIN guidelines, risk of bias, measurement properties, content validity, measurement error, single-item questionnaire, reliability statistics, responsiveness, clinimetrics, sports science

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Athlete-reported outcome measures for monitoring training responses: A systematic review of risk of bias and measurement property quality according to the COSMIN guidelines

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