Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a shortened version of the Profile of Mood States suitable for use with adolescents. The Profile of Mood States-Adolescents (POMS-A) was administered to 1693 participants from two populations: school children and young athletes. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of a 24-item six-factor model using both independent and multi-sample analyses. Correlations of POMS-A scores with previously validated inventories, which were consistent with theoretical predictions, provided evidence of criterion validity. It is proposed that the POMS-A is a valid instrument for the assessment of mood in adolescents.
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The POMS-A has demonstrated good reliability and criterion validity in the assessment of mood in adolescent populations.
“This scale has demonstrated good reliability and criterion validity in the assessment of mood in adolescent populations [50,51].”
From A Virtual Reality–Based Cognitive Defusion Application for Youth Depression and Anxiety: Mixed Methods Experimental Study. (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
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“Developed by Terry and colleagues (Terry, Lane, Lane, & Keohane, 1999 ), this instrument was previously referred to as the Profile of Mood States-Adolescents (POMS-A).”
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“Terry, Lane, Lane, & Keohane, 1999 ) and can be explained by the different role played by the athletes during the pilot test as opposed to the role of the expert panel.”
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Christino, M. A., Fleming, B. C., Machan, J. T., & Shalvoy, R. M. (2016) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/2325967116638341 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Applying Music in Exercise and Sport
Karageorghis, C. I. (2007) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781492595229 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The effect of attentional bias toward shape‐ and weight‐related information on body dissatisfaction
Smith, E., & Rieger, E. (2006) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20291 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Slimani, M., Znazen, H., Bragazzi, N. L., Zguira, M. S., & Tod, D. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7120510 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“According to the BRUMS [24,25], 30 min of reading from these magazines was emotionally neutral.”
InfluentialPerceptions of group cohesion and mood in sport teams.
Terry, P. C., Carron, A. V., Pink, M. J., Lane, A. M., Jones, G. J. W., & Hall, M. P. (2000) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.4.3.244 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationTrait Self‐Control Predicts Adolescents’ Exposure and Reactivity to Daily Stressful Events
Galla, B. M., & Wood, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12083 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Hulmi, J. J., Isola, V., Suonpää, M., Järvinen, N. J., Kokkonen, M., Wennerström, A., Nyman, K., Perola, M., Ahtiainen, J. P., & Häkkinen, K. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00689 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The participant’s mood was examined using the Finnish version (Vuoskoski and Eerola, 2011) of the Profile of Mood StatesAdolescents questionnaire (POMS-A; Terry et al., 1999).”
MethodEmotions, cognitive interference, and concentration disruption in youth sport
McCarthy, P. J., Allen, M. S., & Jones, M. V. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.738303 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Jebeile, H., Gow, M. L., Baur, L. A., Garnett, S. P., Paxton, S. J., & Lister, N. B. (2019) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2841 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sleep, anxiety and electronic device use by athletes in the training and competition environments
Romyn, G., Robey, E., Dimmock, J. A., Halson, S. L., & Peeling, P. (2015) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1023221 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A nutrition and conditioning intervention for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: case study
Robinson, S., Lambeth-Mansell, A., Gillibrand, G., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., & Bannock, L. G. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0083-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“These positive outcomes were reflected in the BRUMS assessment, which showed anger, confusion, depression, fatigue and tension all remained below average at the end of the intervention, whilst fatigue increased slightly from Baseline to Week 13 but remained below average (Figure 5).”
MethodInfluentialWilson, G., Drust, B., Morton, J. P., & Close, G. L. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0169-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Caulfield and Karageorghis [3] used the Brunel MoodScore (BRUMS), an instrument that measures six categories of mood and/or affected states for anger, depression, tension, vigour, fatigue and confusion [44], for three conditions of ‘wasting’, optimal weight and relaxed weight.”
MethodWhy self-report “Likert” scale data should not be log-transformed
Nevill, A. M., & Lane, A. M. (2006) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410601111183 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“For example, participants report feelings on the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS: Terry, Lane, Lane, & Keohane, 1999) from ‘‘not at all’’ (0) to ‘‘very much so’’ (4).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRobinson, J., Pan Yuen, H., Martin, C., Hughes, A., Baksheev, G. N., Dodd, S., Bapat, S., Schwass, W., McGorry, P., & Yung, A. R. (2011) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000087 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“The validity of this measure has also been demonstrated among adolescents (Terry et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodHashim, H. A., & Yusof, H. A. (2011) · Asian Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5812/asjsm.34786 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Heinrich, E. C., Djokic, M. A., Gilbertson, D., DeYoung, P. N., Bosompra, N., Wu, L., Anza‐Ramirez, C., Orr, J. E., Powell, F. L., Malhotra, A., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217089 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The 24-item Profile of Mood States–Adolescent (POMS-A) mood scale was chosen as it is shorter than the standard 48-item POMS questionnaire but provides comparable results [36] and is validated for use in adults [37].”
MethodMood responses to athletic performance in extreme environments
Lane, A. M., Terry, P. C., Stevens, M. J., Barney, S., & Dinsdale, S. L. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410400005875 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationMood states, self-set goals, self-efficacy and performance in academic examinations
Thelwell, R., Lane, A. M., & Weston, N. J. V. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.024 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The original Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS: Terry et al., 1999, 23 2003) is a 24-item mood state scale based on the Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, & 24 Droppleman, 1971).”
MethodSelf-citationMood changes following social dance sessions in people with Parkinson’s disease
Lewis, C., Annett, L. E., Davenport, S., Hall, A., & Lovatt, P. J. (2014) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105314529681 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Brunel University Mood Scale.”
MethodInfluentialThe influence of an afternoon nap on the endurance performance of trained runners
Blanchfield, A., Lewis-Jones, T. M., Wignall, J. R., Roberts, J. B., & Oliver, S. J. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1477180 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ranzenhofer, L. M., Hannallah, L. M., Field, S. E., Shomaker, L. B., Stephens, M. B., Sbrocco, T., Kozlosky, M., Reynolds, J. C., Yanovski, J. A., & Tanofsky‐Kraff, M. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.018 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The Brunel Mood Scale has demonstrated good construct and concurrent validity in adolescents (Terry, Lane, & Fogarty, 2003; Terry et al., 1999).”
Emotional Intelligence and Mood States associated with Optimal Performance
Lane, A. M., Thelwell, R., & Devonport, T. J. (2009) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v5i1.123 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationBurgués, P. L., March‐Llanes, J., & Guiu, G. F. (2012) · Revista de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.6018/rie.31.1.147821 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., Rose, C. A., Hiss, S., Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Mitchell, K. J., & Williams, D. R. (2014) · International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations · doi:10.4018/ijgcms.2014070101 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Psychological effects of rapid weight loss and attitudes towards eating among professional jockeys
Caulfield, M. J., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410701837349 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The dependent variables were the subscales of two psychometric instruments: the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS; Terry, Lane, Lane, & Keohane, 1999 ) and the EAT-26 (Garner & Garfinkel, 1979 ).”
InfluentialPetrowski, K., Albani, C., Zenger, M., Brähler, E., & Schmalbach, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631668 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Just a game? Changes in English and Spanish soccer fans’ emotions in the 2010 World Cup
Jones, M. V., Coffee, P., Sheffield, D., Yangüez, M., & Barker, J. B. (2011) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.10.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Vannucci, A., Tanofsky‐Kraff, M., Crosby, R. D., Ranzenhofer, L. M., Shomaker, L. B., Field, S. E., Mooreville, M., Reina, S. A., Kozlosky, M., Yanovski, S. Z., et al. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031209 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Mood and performance: test of a conceptual model with a focus on depressed mood
Lane, A. M., Terry, P. C., Beedie, C., Curry, D. A., & Clark, N. (2001) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(01)00007-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…are variously conceptualised in terms of unipolar dimensions such as tension, depression, anger, etc. (e.g., McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971, 1992; Terry et al., 1999), as bipolar opposites such as happy-sad, relaxed-tense, etc. (e.g., Lorr & McNair, 1988), as broad orthogonal dimensions, such as…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMood, Illness and Injury Responses and Recovery with Adventure Racing
Anglem, N., Lucas, S. J. E., Rose, E. A., & Cotter, J. D. (2008) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1580/07-weme-or-091.1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lane, A. M. (2001) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(01)80013-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Dysfunction and Mood in Collegiate Soccer Athletes
Benjamin, C. L., Curtis, R. M., Huggins, R. A., Sekiguchi, Y., Jain, R. K., McFadden, B. A., & Casa, D. J. (2020) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738120916735 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The validated Profile of Mood States (POMS) is a 65-item questionnaire that assesses 6 mood states, including tension (score range, 0-36), anger (score range, 0-48), vigor (score range, 0-32), depression (score range, 0-60), fatigue (score range, 0-28), and confusion (score range, 0-28).(32,33) A composite score calle…”
BackgroundMood Changes following Exercise
Lane, A. M., Crone-Grant, D., & Lane, H. J. (2002) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.732 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of the COVID-19 confinement period on physical conditions in young elite soccer players
Dauty, M., Menu, P., & Fouasson‐Chailloux, A. (2021) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11669-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Maternal Mood and Neuroendocrine Programming: Effects of Time of Exposure and Sex
Vedhara, K., Metcalfe, C. D., Brant, H., Crown, A. L., Northstone, K., Dawe, K., Lightman, S. L., & Smith, G. D. (2012) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02309.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention for Endurance Athletes Completing an Ultramarathon
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2017) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2017-0018 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Identification and Description of Novel Mood Profile Clusters
Parsons-Smith, R. L., Terry, P. C., & Machin, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01958 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Although significant univariate non-normality was evident for some subscales (e.g., depression), it is typical that the distribution of negative mood scores show large numbers at the lower end of the scale, and smaller numbers at the upper end (Terry et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationUnderstanding low adherence to an exercise program for adolescents with obesity: the HEARTY trial
Alberga, A. S., Sigal, R. J., Sweet, S. N., Doucette, S. P., Russell‐Mayhew, S., Tulloch, H. E., Kenny, G. P., Prud’homme, D., Hadjiyannakis, S., & Goldfield, G. S. (2019) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.357 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Depressive mood is defined as ‘negative selfschema characterised by themes such as hopelessness, personal deficiency, worthlessness and self-blame’, whereas confused mood has been defined as ‘feelings of bewilderment, uncertainty, and is associated with a general failure to control attention and emotions’ (74).”
BackgroundUpdated bibliography on the profile of mood states in sport and exercise psychology research
LeUnes, A. D. (2000) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200008404216 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Omidi, A., Mohammadi, A., Zargar, F., & Akbari, H. (2013) · Archives of Trauma Research · doi:10.5812/atr.8226 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“2- Inventory of mood status (BRUMS): this questionnaire was presented by Terry in 1999 (18).”
MethodAziz, A. R., Chia, M., Low, C. Y., Slater, G., Png, W., & Teh, K. C. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.708375 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Profile of Mood State and Sleep Prior to exercise, the athletes completed the validated Brunel Mood State (BRUMS) profile (Terry et al., 1999) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EpSS; Johns, 1991).”
MethodPassive Heat Exposure Alters Perception and Executive Function
Malcolm, R., Cooper, S., Folland, J. P., Tyler, C. J., & Sunderland, C. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00585 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Measurements Mood Questionnaire Participants completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) questionnaire (Terry et al., 1999) answering 24 items related to 6 aspects of mood; anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension and vigor.”
MethodPsychometric properties of the Brunel Mood Scale in Chinese adolescents and adults
Zhang, C., Si, G., Chung, P., Du, M., & Terry, P. C. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.898184 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The aim of the present study was to replicate and extend the validation process used by Terry and colleagues (Terry et al., 1999; Terry, Lane, et al., 2003) to assess the factorial validity, internal consistency, and measurement invariance of the BRUMS for use with Chinese adolescents and adults.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationEating attitudes, body shape perceptions and mood of elite rowers
Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Warren, L. (1999) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80185-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationMood Profiling for Sustainable Mental Health among Athletes
Terry, P. C., & Parsons-Smith, R. L. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116116 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“During its development, the BRUMS showed robust psychometric properties across samples of adult students, adult athletes, young athletes, and schoolchildren [11,12], and has since demonstrated psycho‐ metric integrity for use with many other population groups.”
MethodSelf-citation
- Authors
- Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L.
- Affiliations
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 861-872
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W2119699779
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 13.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- Profile of Mood States, adolescents, mood measurement, short-form scale development, factorial validity, criterion validity, multi-sample analysis, youth athletes, elementary school students
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Affect, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Personality Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Reproducibility of Results
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