Relationships Between Throwing Yips in Baseball, Experiential Avoidance, Cognitive Fusion, Values, and Social Factors

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Japanese version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II has a one-factor structure with good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .88).

“Moreover, the Japanese version (Shima et al., 2013) has a one-factor structure with good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .88).”

• cites Shima et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Japanese Short Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale is widely used to assess social anxiety and has good reliability and validity.

“The Japanese SFNE (Sasagawa et al., 2004) is widely used to assess social anxiety and has good reliability and validity (Nihei et al., 2018).”

• cites Sasagawa et al., 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nihei et al., 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s background (indexed under Abstract; page unavailable) says the Japanese SFNE is used in Japan to measure fear of negative evaluation, a component of social anxiety. Its findings (Additional information; page unavailable) show good reliability for both subscales, but better validity for the forward-item subscale and recommend using those items alone. The claim overstates the evidence by describing the full scale as having good validity for assessing social anxiety generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

From an ACT perspective, yips-affected players often report behaviors that could be interpreted as experiential avoidance, including desire to escape, avoiding throwing for fear of failure or being seen as incompetent, and perfectionistic tendencies.

“From the viewpoint of ACT, yips-affected players often report behaviors that could be interpreted as experiential avoidance, including the desire to escape, avoiding throwing the ball for fear of failure or being seen as incompetent (Bawden & Maynard, 2001), and exhibiting perfectionistic tendencies (Clarke et al., 2020).”

• cites Bawden & Maynard, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Clarke et al., 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Aoyama et al. (2021) reported that 50% of players with moderate or more severe throwing yips symptoms had yips experienced for throws of 20 m or less, 32.6% for throws from 20 to 27 m, and 8.1% for throws longer than 50 m; the frequency of the yips decreased as the distance of the throw increased.

“Aoyama et al. (2021) reported that 50% of players with moderate or more severe throwing yips symptoms had yips experienced for throws of 20 m or less, 32.6% for throws from 20 to 27 m, and 8.1% for throws longer than 50 m.Moreover, the frequency of the yips decreased as the distance of the throw increased.”

• cites Aoyama et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II has adequate reliability and validity.

“The AAQ-II has adequate reliability and validity (Bond et al., 2011).”

• cites Bond et al., 2011 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The eight forward items of the Short Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale have adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .94) and adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .93, 95% CI [.89, .95]).

“These eight items with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .94)and adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .93,95% confidence interval [.89, .95];Nihei et al., 2018) constituted the first factor of this study.”

• cites Nihei et al., 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The original and Japanese versions of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire have good psychometric properties.

“The original version of the CFQ (Gillanders et al., 2014) and the Japanese version (Shima et al., 2016) have good psychometric properties.”

• cites Gillanders et al., 2014 sourceSupported
• cites Shima et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

An a priori power analysis indicated that a sample size of 114 was needed to detect the model's significance at alpha = .05, power = .80, effect size f2 = 0.15, with 9 predictors; therefore, the sample size of 292 was sufficient.

“An a priori analysis was conducted using G*power analysis (version 3.1; Faul et al., 2007), which indicated that a sample size of 114 was needed to detect the model's significance at α = .05,power (1 -β error probability) = 0.80, effect size f 2 = 0.15 (medium), with the number of predictors = 9.Therefore, this study's sample size of 292 people was sufficient.”

• cites Faul et al., 2007 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Aoyama et al. (2021) reported incidences of yips among college baseball players by position: 41.9% pitchers, 54.2% catchers, 53.1% infielders, 35.3% outfielders, with no significant differences based on position.

“Moreover, Aoyama et al. (2021) reported the incidences of the yips among college baseball players by playing position, 41.9% in pitchers, 54.2% in catchers, 53.1% in infielders, and 35.3% in outfielders, which indicated no significant differences based on the positions.”

• cites Aoyama et al. (2021) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Aoyama et al. (2021) reported that 50% of players showed moderate or high throwing yips symptoms when throwing from 20 m or less, 32.6% when throwing from 20 m to 27 m, and 8.1% in throws over 50 m, suggesting yips frequency decreases as distance increases.

“Aoyama et al. (2021) reported that 50% of players showed moderate or high throwing yips symptoms when throwing from 20 m or less, 32.6% of players showed yips symptoms when throwing from 20 m to 27 m, and 8.1% showed yips symptoms in throws over 50 m, suggesting that yips frequency decreases as the distance thrown increases.”

• cites Aoyama et al. (2021) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aoyama et al. (2021) reported a tendency for infielders and catchers to have a high incidence of yips.

“However, they reported a tendency for infielders and catchers to have a high incidence of yips.”

• cites Aoyama et al. (2021) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Japanese culture and sports circles have a strong sense of hierarchy.

“First, Japanese culture and sports circles have a strong sense of hierarchy (e.g., Ono & Shoji, 2015)”

• cites Ono & Shoji, 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The discussion (page not identified in our copy) reports clearer senior–junior relationships and stronger discipline in Japanese secondary-school sports clubs than in cultural clubs. That supports the point about hierarchy in school sports clubs, but the study does not establish a strong sense of hierarchy across Japanese culture or sports circles generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In amateur baseball players in Japan, a low values-based throwing score, a high Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire score, and being overreprimanded for mistakes are positively associated with yips symptoms.

“A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a low values-based throwing score, a high Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire score, and overreprimanding others' mistakes were positively associated with baseball players' yips symptoms.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Fear of negative evaluation is associated with the yips.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three developed values-based throwing items adequately assess values.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The three developed social factor items adequately assess social factors relevant to baseball.

The quote only partly states this claim.

For sense of inferiority, adding AAQ-II and CFQ in Step 2 accounted for an additional 4.8% of variance (adjusted R2 = .22, F(3, 288) = 28.57, p < .001).

“the regression equation, accounting for an additional 4.8% of the variance in Step 2, adjusted R 2 = .22,F(3, 288) = 28.57, and p < .001.”

May combine two claims.

The results showed positive associations between excessive consciousness toward others' evaluation and each of feeling glad about not failing, SFNE score, and being reprimanded by others.

“In addition, feeling glad about not failing, the SFNE score, and being reprimanded by others were positively associated with excessive consciousness toward others' evaluation.”

May combine two claims.

The study's results showed that feeling glad about not failing, CFQ score, and being reprimanded by others were each positively associated with multiple yips symptoms, including sense of high strain caused by wild pitch image, sense of inferiority, excessive consciousness toward critical situations, and frequency of throwing errors ≤27 m.

“The results indicated that feeling glad about not failing, the CFQ score, and being reprimanded by others increased the sense of high strain caused by wild pitch image, sense of inferiority, excessive consciousness toward critical situations, and frequency of throwing errors (≤27 m).”

May combine two claims.

SFNE scores predicted yips symptoms including excessive consciousness toward others' evaluations, excessive consciousness toward seniority, sense of inferiority, and excessive consciousness toward critical situations.

“However, the SFNE scores also predicted yips symptoms, including excessive consciousness toward others' evaluations, excessive consciousness toward seniority, the sense of inferiority, and excessive consciousness toward critical situations.”

May combine two claims.

In this study, cognitive fusion was associated with frequency of throwing errors over short distances but not with frequency of throwing errors over long distances.

“Furthermore, cognitive fusion, which is associated with the frequency of throwing errors over short distances, was not associated with the frequency of throwing errors over long distances in this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Changing the context of playing baseball, reducing cognitive fusion, and improving coaching methods could reduce the risk of baseball players' throwing yips.

“These results suggest that changing the context of playing baseball, reducing cognitive fusion, and improving coaching methods could reduce the risk of baseball players' throwing yips.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Twelve studies demonstrated limited evidence that image training, listening to music, cognitive reconstructing, relaxation training, educating teammates, preperformance routines, positive instructional self-talk during shots, and breathing exercises were efficacious treatments for the yips.

“The results indicated that 12 studies demonstrated limited evidence (Ahead of Print) that image training, listening to music, cognitive reconstructing, relaxation training, educating teammates, preperformance routines, positive instructional self-talk during shots, and breathing exercises were efficacious treatments for the yips.”

• cites Mine et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Yips-affected athletes experience negative cognitive phenomena alongside engagement, performance, and self-consciousness, including ruminations and concern about mistakes.

“Yips-affected athletes also experience negative cognitive phenomena alongside engagement, performance, and self-consciousness (Wang et al., 2004), which include ruminations and concern about mistakes (Bennett et al., 2016).”

• cites Wang et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bennett et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 60-day follow-up revealed recurrences, and continuous implementation of SFGI was recommended.

“However, the 60-day follow-up revealed recurrences, and continuous implementation of SFGI was recommended (Bell & Thompson, 2007).”

• cites Bell & Thompson, 2007Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Motor imagery or solution-focused guided imagery (SFGI) showed moderate-to-large effect sizes on Type I yips.

“According to Mine et al. (2018), motor imagery or solution-focused guided imagery (SFGI) showed moderate-to-large effect sizes on Type I yips.”

• cites Mine et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

SFGI implemented with golfers showed an improvement in symptoms associated with the yips.

“Moreover, SFGI implemented with golfers showed an improvement in symptoms associated with the yips.”

• cites Bell & Thompson, 2007Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Cook's distance score was suitable, and the maximum Mahalanobis distance (49.14) was above the critical chi-square for df = 8 (at alpha = .001) of 26.16.

“The Cook's distance score was suitable, and the maximum Mahalanobis distance (49.14) was above the critical χ 2 for df = 8 (at α = .001) of 26.16.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The nine fusion items of the Japanese Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire have demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .92).

“The nine fusion items of the Japanese CFQ have demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .92;Shima et al., 2016).”

• cites Shima et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cognitive fusion is related to psychopathology, such as generalized anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

“Cognitive fusion is related to psychopathology (e.g., generalized anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder; Faustino et al., 2023).”

• cites Faustino et al., 2023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Only a few studies on the yips have resulted in theory-based treatment methods.

“Clarke et al. (2015) indicated that there are only a few studies on the yips that have resulted in theory-based treatment methods.”

• cites Clarke et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Outliers were not treated because the authors assumed a continuum of yips symptoms and that data characteristics would be lost by excluding outliers.

“However, we did not treat the outliers in this study because we assumed a continuum of yips symptoms and that data characteristics would be lost by excluding the outliers.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Yips symptoms form a continuum, and excluding outliers would lose data characteristics.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Demonstrating an association between the psychological inflexibility model of ACT and the yips would help to establish ACT for psychologically supporting yips-affected players.

“Demonstrating an association between the psychological inflexibility model of ACT and the yips would help to establish ACT for psychologically supporting yips-affected players.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: No studies have examined the relationship between the yips and experiential avoidance or cognitive fusion.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Changing the context of playing baseball and reducing cognitive fusion could improve many yips symptoms.

“Hence, changing the context (e.g., fear of missing plays) of playing baseball and reducing cognitive fusion could improve many yips symptoms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Improving coaching methods might reduce the risk of throwing yips in baseball.

“Moreover, this study's results suggest that improving coaching methods might reduce the risk of throwing yips in baseball.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The strong sense of hierarchy might have influenced the results of excessive consciousness toward seniority.

“which might have influenced the results of excessive consciousness toward seniority, one of the dependent variables in this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Golfers have reported more frequent yips in short shots, such as putting, than in longer shots.

“Golfers have also reported more frequent yips in short shots, such as putting, than in longer shots (Smith et al., 2003).”

• cites Smith et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study's results must be interpreted considering Japanese cultural characteristics because the sample was Japanese.

“Since this study was conducted with a Japanese sample, the cultural characteristics of Japan must be considered when interpreting this study's results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Judging whether an athlete conducts values-based throwing based only on this simplified index is difficult.

“Therefore, judging whether an athlete conducts values-based throwing based only on this simplified index is difficult.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In ACT, the concept of values is complex and individual-specific.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study did not examine the validity or reliability of the Values-Based Throwing Index.

“First, we did not examine the validity or the reliability of the Values-Based Throwing Index.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study results were based on self-report questionnaire surveys rather than behavioral tasks.

“Finally, the study results were based on data obtained from self-report questionnaire surveys rather than behavioral tasks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

These thoughts might intimidate athletes and prolong their yips.

“These thoughts might intimidate athletes and prolong their yips.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The emphasis on controlling feelings in Japanese club activities might have affected the proportion of yips-affected people and the degree of experiential avoidance.

“Second, club activities in Japan often emphasize controlling own feelings, which might have affected the proportion of yips-affected people and the degree of experiential avoidance.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Japanese club activities frequently stress controlling one's emotions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Interventions opposite to cognitive fusion, such as mindfulness and attention to the whole body, might be essential for improving yips symptoms.

“Therefore, interventions opposite to cognitive fusion, such as mindfulness and attention being given to the whole body, might be essential for improving yips symptoms.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Throwing over long distances involves large body movements and requires whole-body attention.

May combine two claims.

Athletes who practiced regularly while experiencing penalties were less nervous during actual throwing, which might indicate that exposure to tension during regular practice reduces strain during games.

“Thus, athletes who practiced regularly while experiencing penalties were less nervous during actual throwing, which might indicate that exposure to tension during regular practice reduces strain during games.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study's results generally supported the study's hypotheses.

“However, this study's results generally supported the study's hypotheses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Athletes distancing themselves from negative thoughts could be an effective intervention for supporting people with the yips.

“Hence, athletes distancing themselves from negative thoughts could be an effective intervention for supporting people with the yips.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The findings suggest the significance of improving athletes' social environments, particularly reducing teammates' and supervisors' reprimands for mistakes.

“In addition, the findings suggest the significance of improving athletes' social environments, particularly reducing teammates', and supervisors' reprimands for mistakes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A case study of college track-and-field athletes reported that sport-specific mindfulness interventions can reduce trait anxiety, self-consciousness, and choking susceptibility.

“Moreover, a case study of college trackand-field athletes reported that sport-specific mindfulness interventions can reduce trait anxiety, self-consciousness, and choking susceptibility (Hussey et al., 2020).”

• cites Hussey et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous studies have associated self-consciousness with the yips.

“Previous studies have associated self-consciousness with the yips (Wang et al., 2004).”

• cites Wang et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Throwing Disability Scale items might be more closely related to being conscious of others' evaluations.

“This might be because the Throwing Disability Scale items were more closely related to being conscious of others' evaluations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These results might differ in the context of other countries.

“Therefore, these results might differ in the context of other countries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The questionnaire was administered online to teams and players who were permitted to participate, which might result in a response bias with a high response rate from those interested in yips.

“Second, this study's questionnaire was administered online to teams and players who were permitted to participate, which might result in a response bias, with a high response rate from those with an interest on the yips.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

As the study was cross-sectional, causal relationships could not be determined.

“Moreover, as this study was a cross-sectional study, causal relationships could not be determined.”