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Rapid Broad-Spectrum Analgesia through Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α
Open accessAbstract
Severe pain remains a major area of unmet medical need. Here we report that agonists of the nuclear receptor PPAR-alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha) suppress pain behaviors induced in mice by chemical tissue injury, nerve damage, or inflammation. The PPAR-alpha agonists GW7647 [2-(4-(2-(1-cyclohexanebutyl)-3-cyclohexylureido)ethyl)phenylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid], Wy-14643 [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid], and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) reduced nocifensive behaviors elicited in mice by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of formalin or i.p. injection of magnesium sulfate. These effects were absent in PPAR-alpha-null mice yet occurred within minutes of agonist administration in wild-type mice, suggesting that they were mediated through a transcription-independent mechanism. Consistent with this hypothesis, blockade of calcium-operated IK(ca) (K(Ca)3.1) and BK(ca) (K(Ca)1.1) potassium channels prevented the effects of GW7647 and PEA in the formalin test. Three observations suggest that PPAR-alpha agonists may inhibit nocifensive responses by acting on peripheral PPAR-alpha. (i) PEA reduced formalin-induced pain at i.pl. doses that produced no increase in systemic PEA levels; (ii) PPAR-alpha was expressed in dorsal root ganglia neurons of wild-type but not PPAR-alpha-null mice; and (ii) GW7647 and PEA prevented formalin-induced firing of spinal cord nociceptive neurons in rats. In addition to modulating nociception, GW7647 and PEA reduced hyperalgesic responses in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain; these effects were also contingent on PPAR-alpha expression and were observed following either acute or subchronic PPAR-alpha agonist administration. Finally, acute administration of GW7647 and PEA reduced hyperalgesic responses in the complete Freund's adjuvant and carrageenan models of inflammatory pain. Our results suggest that PPAR-alpha agonists may represent a novel class of analgesics.
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“This finding is perhaps unsurprising given that PPAR-α mediates effects of PEA in suppressing neuronal sensitization.130”
From Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside (2009) · cites this paper as [130]
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Kytikovа, O. Y., Denisenko, Y., Novgorodtseva, T. P., & Kovalenko, I. S. (2023) · Russian Open Medical Journal · doi:10.15275/rusomj.2023.0107 · Cited by 1
Deb, S. K., Kim, N., Parolin, B., Renshaw, D. W., & Zariwala, M. G. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1586409 · Cited by 1
Yan, W. J., Huang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xie, Q., Huang, W., Lei, Y., & Xiao, Z. (2026) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157816 · Cited by 1
Hesselink, J. K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13706-8_16 · Cited by 1
Endocannabinoids and Related Lipids in Chronic Pain : Analytical and Clinical Aspects
Stensson, N. (2018) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-147653 · Cited by 1
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors - Alpha in Chronic Inflammation - Mini-Review
Popa, E., Zugun‐Eloae, F., Zlei, M., Traian, M. G., Bacușcă, A. I., Popa, A. E., & Coman, A. E. (2019) · International Journal of Pharmacology Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine · doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.12.1 · Cited by 1
The genetics of lithium-induced adverse drug reactions in bipolar disorder patients : a pilot study
Weideman, R. (2013) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) · Cited by 1
Cannabinoid-Dopamine Interactions: Modulation of Midbrain DA Neurons by Endocannabinoids
Georges, F. E., & Melis, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2294-9_17
The cellular processing of the endocannabinoid anandamide and its pharmacological manipulation
Thors, L. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Ghafouri, N. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Systems Toxicity
Pistos, C. M., & Theocharis, S. E. (2009) · General, Applied and Systems Toxicology · doi:10.1002/9780470744307.gat206
The Treatment of Neuropathic Pain with Cannabinoid Based Nanotechnology
Linsell, O. (2013) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
TARGETING METHYLGLYOXAL AND PPAR GAMMA TO ALLEVIATE NEUROPATHIC PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
Griggs, R. B. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Metadata
- Authors
- LoVerme, J., Russo, R., La Rana, G., Fu, J., Farthing, J., Mattace-Raso, G., Meli, R., Hohmann, A., Calignano, A., & Piomelli, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1051-1061
- ISSN
- 0022-3565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2105771810
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 13.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.escholarship.org
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Sandler Foundation
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA14265, DA-14022, R01DA014022, R03DA014265)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Ion Channels and Receptors
- Keywords
- PPARα agonist, analgesia, pain, GW7647, Wy-14,643, palmitoylethanolamide, formalin test, neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, chronic constriction injury, dorsal root ganglia, potassium channels, hyperalgesia, nociception
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Animals, Hypolipidemic Agents, Drug Tolerance, Formaldehyde, Hyperalgesia, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nociceptors, Pain Measurement, Fenofibrate, RNA, Sciatica, Immunoblotting, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, DNA, Complementary, Mice, Knockout, Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated, PPAR alpha, Mice, Rats
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