Combined active and passive immunization enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy against nicotine in rats
Abstract
Vaccination against nicotine reduces the behavioral effects of nicotine in rats, and it is under clinical evaluation as a treatment for tobacco addiction. Efficacy is limited by the need for high serum nicotine-specific antibody (NicAb) levels, and currently available nicotine vaccines do not uniformly generate the required NicAb levels. Passive immunization with a nicotine-specific monoclonal antibody (Nic311) has also shown efficacy in rats. The principal aim of this study was to determine whether the combined use of vaccination and passive immunization would produce greater effects than vaccination alone on nicotine pharmacokinetics and locomotor sensitization (LMS) to nicotine. Rats were treated with vaccination alone, Nic311 alone, both, or neither, and then they were administered 10 daily injections of 0.3 mg/kg nicotine s.c. Treatment with Nic311 or vaccination alone increased the binding of nicotine in serum, reduced the unbound serum nicotine concentration and nicotine distribution to brain, and attenuated the development of LMS. Combined use of vaccination and passive immunization produced higher total serum NicAb levels, greater changes in nicotine pharmacokinetics, and a greater attenuation of LMS than either treatment alone. The total serum NicAb concentration was significantly correlated with brain nicotine levels and locomotor activity. These data indicate that providing higher serum NicAb concentrations improves the efficacy of immunotherapy against nicotine and that supplementing vaccination with passive immunization is a potential strategy to accomplish this.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These results confirm other studies using non-inhalation routes of administration.
“These results confirm other studies using non-inhalation routes of administration [250–252].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [252]
Cites
Actual causes of death in the United States
McGinnis, J. M. (1993) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510180077038 · Cited by 5,480 · see citing works
Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
Mokdad, A. H. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 · Cited by 5,211 · see citing works
Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction and Therapeutics
Benowitz, N. L. (1996) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.003121 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Jacob, P., Wilson, M., & Benowitz, N. L. (1981) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81033-6 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse liability.
Henningfield, J. E., & Keenan, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.5.743 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Maurer, P., Jennings, G. T., Willers, J., Rohner, F., Lindman, Y., Roubicek, K., Renner, W. A., Müller, P., & Bachmann, M. F. (2005) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200526285 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Safety and immunogenicity of a nicotine conjugate vaccine in current smokers
HATSUKAMI, D., RENNARD, S., JORENBY, D., FIORE, M., KOOPMEINERS, J., DEVOS, A., HORWITH, G., & PENTEL, P. (2005) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.08.007 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Pentel, P. R., Malin, D. H., Ennifar, S., Hieda, Y., Keyler, D. E., Lake, J. R., Milstein, J. R., Basham, L., Coy, R., Moon, J. W. D., et al. (2000) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00206-3 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Evaluation of anti-cocaine antibodies and a cocaine vaccine in a rat self-administration model
Kantak, K. M., Collins, S. L., Lipman, E. G., Bond, J. F., Giovanoni, K., & Fox, B. S. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050049 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Cocaine vaccines: Antibody protection against relapse in a rat model
Carrera, M. R. A., Ashley, J. A., Zhou, B., Wirsching, P., Koob, G. F., & Janda, K. D. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.11.6202 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Preclinical and clinical safety of monoclonal antibodies
Tabrizi, M. A., & Roskos, L. (2007) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2007.05.010 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Active Immunization against Nicotine Prevents Reinstatement of Nicotine-Seeking Behavior in Rats
Lindblom, N., de Villiers, S. H. L., Kalayanov, G., Gordon, S. L., Johansson, A. M., & Svensson, T. H. (2002) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000063629 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Bazin-Redureau, M., Renard, C. B., & Scherrmann, J. M. G. (1997) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06795.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Sensitization to nicotine: How the animal literature might inform future human research
DiFranza, J. R., & Wellman, R. J. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200601078277 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Immunization of rats reduces nicotine distribution to brain
Hieda, Y., Keyler, D. E., VanDeVoort, J. T., Niedbala, R. S., Raphael, D. E., Ross, C. A., & Pentel, P. R. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050930 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
LeSage, M. G., Keyler, D. E., Hieda, Y., Collins, G., Burroughs, D., Le, C. T., & Pentel, P. R. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0027-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Investigations using immunization to attenuate the psychoactive effects of nicotine
Carrera, M. R. A., Ashley, J. A., Hoffman, T. Z., Isomura, S., Wirsching, P., Koob, G. F., & Janda, K. D. (2003) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.029 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
McMillan, D. E., Hardwick, W. C., Li, M., Gunnell, M. G., Carroll, F. I., Abraham, P., & Owens, S. M. (2004) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.061762 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Keyler, D. E., Roiko, S. A., Benlhabib, E., LeSage, M. G., Peter, J. V. S., Stewart, S., Fuller, S., Le, C. T., & Pentel, P. R. (2005) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.105.004234 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Vaccination against nicotine: an emerging therapy for tobacco dependence
Maurer, P., & Bachmann, M. F. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.16.11.1775 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Valentine, J. L., & Owens, S. M. (1996) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)20655-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Kantak, K. M., Collins, S. L., Bond, J. F., & Fox, B. S. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000555 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Passive immunization against nicotine prevents nicotine alleviation of nicotine abstinence syndrome
Malin, D. H., Lake, J. R., Lin, A., Saldaña, M., Balch, L., Irvin, M. L. L., Chandrasekara, H., Alvarado, C. L., Hieda, Y., & Keyler, D. E. (2001) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00436-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Satoskar, S. D., Keyler, D. E., LeSage, M. G., Raphael, D. E., Ross, C. A., & Pentel, P. R. (2003) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00094-8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gentry, W. B., Laurenzana, E. M., Williams, D. K., West, J. R., Berg, R. J., Terlea, T., & Owens, S. M. (2006) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.01.008 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
LeSage, M. G., Keyler, D. E., & Pentel, P. R. (2006) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/aapsj080108 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hardin, J. S., Wessinger, W. D., Wenger, G. R., Proksch, J. W., Laurenzana, E. M., & Owens, S. M. (2002) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.302.1.119 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Proksch, J. W., Gentry, W. B., & Owens, S. M. (2000) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)35360-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Norman, A. B., Tabet, M. R., Norman, M. K., Buesing, W. R., Pesce, A. J., & Ball, W. J. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.106.111781 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Anti-phencyclidine monoclonal Fab fragments markedly alter phencyclidine pharmacokinetics in rats.
Valentine, J. L., Arnold, L. W., & Owens, S. M. (1994) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)38842-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nicotine induced locomotor activity in rats: The role of Pavlovian conditioning
Hakan, R. L., & Ksir, C. J. (1988) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90184-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of high dose alpha-1-acid glycoprotein on desipramine toxicity in rats.
Pentel, P. R., & Keyler, D. E. (1988) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22214-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pentel, P. R., Dufek, M. B., Roiko, S. A., LeSage, M. G., & Keyler, D. E. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.097873 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Anti-nicotine Vaccination: Where Are We?
Cerny, T. (2005) · Recent results in cancer research/Recent Results in Cancer Research · doi:10.1007/3-540-26980-0_12 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
de Villiers, S. H. L., Lindblom, N., Kalayanov, G., Gordon, S. L., Johansson, A. M., & Svensson, T. H. (2004) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-004-0960-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Keyler, D. E., Dufek, M. B., Calvin, A. D., Bramwell, T. J., LeSage, M. G., Raphael, D. E., Ross, C. A., Le, C. T., & Pentel, P. R. (2005) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2005.02.007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pitas, G., Laurenzana, E. M., Williams, D. K., Owens, S. M., & Gentry, W. B. (2006) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.105.005934 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Daniels, J., Wessinger, W. D., Hardwick, W. C., Li, M., Gunnell, M. G., Hall, C., Owens, S. M., & McMillan, D. E. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0299-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Keyler, D. E., LeSage, M. G., Dufek, M. B., & Pentel, P. R. (2006) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.06.013 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
New Directions in Nicotine Vaccine Design and Use
Pentel, P. R., & LeSage, M. G. (2014) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00014-7 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Immunopharmacotherapy: Vaccination strategies as a treatment for drug abuse and dependence
Moreno, A. Y., & Janda, K. D. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.01.015 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Miller, M. L., Moreno, A. Y., Aarde, S. M., Creehan, K. M., Vandewater, S. A., Vaillancourt, B. D., Wright, M. J., Janda, K. D., & Taffe, M. A. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Nicotine Vaccines to Assist with Smoking Cessation
Raupach, T., Hoogsteder, P., & van Schayck, O. C. P. (2012) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/11599900-000000000-00000 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Monoclonal Antibodies for Combating Synthetic Opioid Intoxication
Smith, L. C., Bremer, P. T., Hwang, C. S., Zhou, B., Ellis, B. A., Hixon, M. S., & Janda, K. D. (2019) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.9b04872 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Raleigh, M. D., Pravetoni, M., Harris, A. C., Birnbaum, A. K., & Pentel, P. R. (2012) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.112.201194 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal
Paolini, M., & De Biasi, M. (2011) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.075 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hicks, M. J., De, B. P., Rosenberg, J. B., Davidson, J. T., Moreno, A. Y., Janda, K. D., Wee, S., Koob, G. F., Hackett, N. R., Kaminsky, S. M., et al. (2011) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2010.280 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Structurally distinct nicotine immunogens elicit antibodies with non-overlapping specificities
Pravetoni, M., Keyler, D. E., Pidaparthi, R. R., Carroll, F. I., Runyon, S. P., Murtaugh, M. P., Earley, C. A., & Pentel, P. R. (2011) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
High immunogenicity of nicotine vaccines obtained by intradermal delivery with safe adjuvants
Chen, X., Pravetoni, M., Bhayana, B., Pentel, P. R., & Wu, M. X. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.069 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Development of active and passive human vaccines to treat methamphetamine addiction
Gentry, W. B., Rüedi‐Bettschen, D., & Owens, S. M. (2009) · Human Vaccines · doi:10.4161/hv.5.4.7456 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Opioid Dose- and Route-Dependent Efficacy of Oxycodone and Heroin Vaccines in Rats
Raleigh, M. D., Laudenbach, M., Baruffaldi, F., Peterson, S. J., Roslawski, M. J., Birnbaum, A. K., Carroll, F. I., Runyon, S. P., Winston, S., Pentel, P. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.117.247049 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vaccines targeting drugs of abuse: is the glass half-empty or half-full?
Janda, K. D., & Treweek, J. B. (2011) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3130 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Nicotine vaccines to treat tobacco dependence
Goniewicz, M. L., & Delijewski, M. (2012) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.22060 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effects of active anti-methamphetamine vaccination on intravenous self-administration in rats
Miller, M. L., Aarde, S. M., Moreno, A. Y., Creehan, K. M., Janda, K. D., & Taffe, M. A. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.014 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Roiko, S. A., Harris, A. C., LeSage, M. G., Keyler, D. E., & Pentel, P. R. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.011 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pravetoni, M., Keyler, D. E., Raleigh, M. D., Harris, A. C., LeSage, M. G., Mattson, C. K., Pettersson, S., & Pentel, P. R. (2011) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.02.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hambuchen, M. D., Carroll, F. I., Rüedi‐Bettschen, D., Hendrickson, H. P., Hennings, L. J., Blough, B. E., Brieaddy, L. E., Pidaparthi, R. R., & Owens, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00220 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Animal Models and the Development of Vaccines to Treat Substance Use Disorders
Ohia-Nwoko, O., Kosten, T. A., & Haile, C. N. (2016) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Is immunotherapy an opportunity for effective treatment of drug addiction?
Zalewska-Kaszubska, J. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.079 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Harris, A. C., Stepanov, I. S., Pentel, P. R., & LeSage, M. G. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2514-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cornish, K. E., Harris, A. C., LeSage, M. G., Keyler, D. E., Burroughs, D., Earley, C. A., & Pentel, P. R. (2011) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.07.009 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Monoclonal Antibody Specific for 6-Monoacetylmorphine Reduces Acute Heroin Effects in Mice
Bogen, I. L., Boix, F., Nerem, E., Mørland, J. G., & Andersen, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.113.212035 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Active vaccination attenuates the psychostimulant effects of α-PVP and MDPV in rats
Nguyen, J. D., Bremer, P. T., Ducime, A., Creehan, K. M., Kisby, B. R., Taffe, M. A., & Janda, K. D. (2016) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.005 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gentry, W. B., Rüedi‐Bettschen, D., & Owens, S. M. (2010) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.2010.155 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Advances in smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: Non-nicotinic approaches in animal models
Smith, L. C., & George, O. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108225 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Formulation of Nanovaccines toward an Extended Immunity against Nicotine
Hu, Y. Y., Zhao, Z., Ehrich, M. F., & Zhang, C. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c07049 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Harris, A. C., Mattson, C., Shelley, D., & LeSage, M. G. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Scientific overview: 2013 BBC plenary symposium on tobacco addiction
Biasi, M. D., McLaughlin, I., Perez, E. E., Crooks, P. A., Dwoskin, L. P., Bardo, M. T., Pentel, P. R., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Emerging drugs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Seifart, C., & Vogelmeier, C. F. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728210902798055 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
[Recent progress in vaccines against nicotine addiction].
Wang, G., & Zhu, C.-J. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hambuchen, M. D., Stevens, M. W., Gunnell, M. G., Gentry, W. B., & Owens, S. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23150-1_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Therapeutic Vaccines for Treating Nicotine Addiction
Kalnik, M. W. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23150-1_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A heroin/morphine vaccine: mechanism of action and extending its use to other abused opioids
Raleigh, M. D. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Enhancing the efficacy of a nicotine vaccine
Cornish, K. E. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Passive Immunization to treat nicotine dependence in rats.
Roiko, S. A. (2009) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Frances, R. (2009) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)79339-3
Estado actual de las vacunas contra la nicotina: una revisión narrativa
Méndez, S. B., & Salazar‐Juárez, A. (2018) · Vacunas · doi:10.1016/j.vacun.2018.09.004
Current status of nicotine vaccines: A narrative review
Méndez, S. B., & Salazar‐Juárez, A. (2018) · Vacunas (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.vacune.2018.09.001
Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Addiction and Therapeutic Strategies for Smoking Cessation
Hefny, A. A., Karuturi, R. C., Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Rao, P. P. N., & Ganesan, A. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15161412
- Authors
- Roiko, S. A., Harris, A. C., Keyler, D. E., LeSage, M. G., Zhang, Y., & Pentel, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 985-993
- ISSN
- 0022-3565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106425520
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50da013333-10)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA010714, DA10714, F32DA021935, T32DA007097, P50- DA013333, F31DA021946)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- nicotine vaccine, passive immunization, nicotine pharmacokinetics, locomotor sensitization, nicotine dependence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Brain, Immunization, Passive, Male, Motor Activity, Nicotine, Tobacco Use Disorder, Immunotherapy, Active, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
