Cited by 589Smoking Behavior and CessationNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors StudyAlkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology

Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction and Therapeutics

Benowitz, N L·1996·Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Abstract

Nicotine maintains tobacco addiction and has therapeutic utility to aid smoking cessation and possibly to treat other medical diseases. Nicotine acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which demonstrate diversity in subunit structure, function, and distribution within the nervous system, presumably mediating the complex actions of nicotine described in tobacco users. The effects of nicotine in people are influenced by the rate and route of dosing and by the development of tolerance. The metabolism of nicotine is now well characterized in humans. A few individuals with deficient C-oxidation of nicotine, unusually slow metabolism of nicotine, and little generation of cotinine have been described. Nicotine affects most organ systems in the body, although its contribution to smoking-related disease is still unclear. Nicotine as a medication is currently available as a gum, a transdermal delivery device, and a nasal spray, all of which are used for smoking cessation. Nicotine is also being investigated for therapy of ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, sleep apnea, and attention deficit disorder.

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Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.003121

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Authors
Benowitz, N. L.
Affiliations
San Francisco General Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Benowitz, N L
Venue
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Published
1996-04
Volume
36
Issue
1
Pages
597-613
ISSN
  • 0362-1642 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-4304
OpenAlex
W2180704072
Cited by
589
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
FWCI
13.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5p50da001696-18, 2m01rr000083-41)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA02277, DA-01696)
  • National Center for Research Resources (RR 00083)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
Keywords
nicotine, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, tobacco dependence, smoking cessation, nicotine metabolism, nicotine tolerance, nicotine pharmacokinetics, nicotine gum, nicotine nasal spray
MeSH terms
Administration, Cutaneous, Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Cotinine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Tolerance, Ganglionic Stimulants, Humans, Nicotine, Smoking, Substance-Related Disorders

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