Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction and Therapeutics
Abstract
Nicotine maintains tobacco addiction and has therapeutic utility to aid smoking cessation and possibly to treat other medical diseases. Nicotine acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which demonstrate diversity in subunit structure, function, and distribution within the nervous system, presumably mediating the complex actions of nicotine described in tobacco users. The effects of nicotine in people are influenced by the rate and route of dosing and by the development of tolerance. The metabolism of nicotine is now well characterized in humans. A few individuals with deficient C-oxidation of nicotine, unusually slow metabolism of nicotine, and little generation of cotinine have been described. Nicotine affects most organ systems in the body, although its contribution to smoking-related disease is still unclear. Nicotine as a medication is currently available as a gum, a transdermal delivery device, and a nasal spray, all of which are used for smoking cessation. Nicotine is also being investigated for therapy of ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, sleep apnea, and attention deficit disorder.
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Certain highly addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly 'wanted' despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria.
“In fact, certain highly addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly ‘wanted’ despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria (Benowitz, 1996; Isomura, Suzuki, & Murai, 2014; West, 2009), and drug self-administration can be maintained in the absence of any subjective pleasure (Fischman & Foltin, 1992).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Benowitz, 1996
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“In fact, certain highly addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly Bwanted^ despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria (Benowitz, 1996; Isomura, Suzuki, & Murai, 2014; West, 2009), and drug self-administration can be maintained in the absence of any subjective pleasure…”
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- Authors
- Benowitz, N. L.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Benowitz, N L
- Venue
- Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 597-613
- ISSN
- 0362-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4304
- OpenAlex
- W2180704072
- Cited by
- 589
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 13.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50da001696-18, 2m01rr000083-41)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA02277, DA-01696)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 00083)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Keywords
- nicotine, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, tobacco dependence, smoking cessation, nicotine metabolism, nicotine tolerance, nicotine pharmacokinetics, nicotine gum, nicotine nasal spray
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Cutaneous, Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Cotinine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Tolerance, Ganglionic Stimulants, Humans, Nicotine, Smoking, Substance-Related Disorders
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