Cited by 1,952T-cell and B-cell ImmunologyImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesImmune responses and vaccinations

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Preferential Localization of Effector Memory Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissue

Masopust, David, Vezys, Vaiva, Marzo, Amanda L., Lefrançois, Leo·2001·Science

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Abstract

Many intracellular pathogens infect a broad range of host tissues, but the importance of T cells for immunity in these sites is unclear because most of our understanding of antimicrobial T cell responses comes from analyses of lymphoid tissue. Here, we show that in response to viral or bacterial infection, antigen-specific CD8 T cells migrated to nonlymphoid tissues and were present as long-lived memory cells. Strikingly, CD8 memory T cells isolated from nonlymphoid tissues exhibited effector levels of lytic activity directly ex vivo, in contrast to their splenic counterparts. These results point to the existence of a population of extralymphoid effector memory T cells poised for immediate response to infection.

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Background
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de la Higuera, L., López‐García, M., Castro, M., Abourashchi, N., Lythe, G., & Molina-Parı́s, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00194 · Cited by 11
“(38) where CD8 T cells were tracked for almost three months, or in Sathaliyawala et al.”
Background
Bone Marrow-Derived CD4+ T Cells Are Depleted in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques and Contribute to the Size of the Replication-Competent Reservoir
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“fection model, long-lived memory CD8 T cells were mainly found in B cell follicles (38).”
Background
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Background
Comparison of CD4+ T-cell subset distribution in chronically infected HIV+ patients with various CD4 nadir counts
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
Everything in its right place
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Background
T cell immunity induced by a bivalent Salmonella-based CEACAM6 and 4-1BBL vaccines in a rat colorectal cancer model.
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Background
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Background
Combined mTOR Inhibition and OX40 Agonism Enhances CD8+ T Cell Memory and Protective Immunity Produced by Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccines
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“This clearer phenotype in blood is in accordance with the notion that Tem are mainly distributed in non-lymphoid tissues (Masopust et al , 2001) and KLRG1 is mainly expressed among CD8 Tem.”
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Background
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“Lymphocytes were isolated from tissues as previously described (Masopust et al., 2001), with some modifications.”
Method
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Background
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Background
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Background
Themis suppresses the effector function of CD8^+ T cells in acute viral infection
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Background
Lymphopenia and Mechanisms of T-Cell Regeneration
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Background
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“Abbreviations CIB Checkpoint inhibitor blockade FAO Fatty acid oxidation FRT Female reproductive tract i.c. Intracranial IL Interleukin i.p. Intraperitoneal MuPyV Mouse polyomavirus PD-1 Programed cell death receptor 1 TCM Central memory T cell TEFF Effector T cell TEM Effector memory T cell TEX Exhausted T cell TFH F…”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Tem and Tcm cells also differ in their tissue distribution: Tem cells are abundant in nonlymphoid tissues (NLTs) (Masopust et al. 2001; Reinhardt et al. 2001), whereas Tcm cells predominate in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as spleen and LN.”
Background
Gut memories do not fade: epigenetic regulation of lasting gut homing receptor expression in CD4+ memory T cells
Szilagyi, B., Triebus, J., Kressler, C., de Almeida, M. D., Tierling, S., Durek, P., Mardahl, M., Szilágyi, A., Floess, S., Huehn, J., et al. (2017) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2017.7 · Cited by 10
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Background
Enhanced differentiation of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor‐deficient mice
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Background
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“TCM and TEM subsets were found to have distinct tissue distributions, with TCM residing primarily in lymphoid sites and in peripheral blood and with TEM predominating in non-lymphoid and mucosal compartments [20,22].”
Background
Non-equilibrium and differential function between intraepithelial and lamina propria virus-specific TCRαβ+ CD8αβ + T cells in the small intestinal mucosa
Isakov, D., Dzutsev, A., Belyakov, I., & Berzofsky, J. (2009) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2009.95 · Cited by 10
Aberrant Tissue Localization of Fungus-Specific CD4+ T Cells in IL-10-Deficient Mice
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“Previous studies demonstrated that activated and effector memory CD8 T cells preferentially migrate to nonlymphoid tissues including the lung, liver, and intestines (58–60), independent of the site of infection or the infectious agent (59, 60).”
Background
CXCR6 promotes dermal CD8+ T cell survival and transition to long-term tissue residence
Heim, T. A., Ibrahim, O., Lin, Z., Schultz, A. C., Steele, M. M., Mudianto, T., & Lund, A. W. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf219 · Cited by 27
Preclinical development of a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus-based Lassa virus vaccine candidate advanced into human clinical trials
Cooper, C. L., Morrow, G., Yuan, M., Postler, T., Neal, M., Cross, R., Woolsey, C. B., Agans, K., Borisevich, V., McNamara, R. P., et al. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105647 · Cited by 9
“A more extensive immunologic assessment of cellular immunity, including evaluation of T cell poly-functionality and tissue resident responses, 76 may better de ﬁ ne contributing cellular immune responses.”
Tissue-resident memory cells in antitumoral immunity and cancer immunotherapy
Min, D., Fiedler, J., & Anandasabapathy, N. (2024) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2024.102499 · Cited by 10
Impaired Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T-cell memory phenotypes and functional profiles among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Uganda
Ssekamatte, P., Nabatanzi, R., Sitenda, D., Nakibuule, M., Bagaya, B. S., Kibirige, D., Kyazze, A. P., Kateete, D. P., Sande, O. J., van Crevel, R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1480739 · Cited by 9
“Memory T cells are crucial for long-term immune surveillance (27, 28) and rapid response upon re-exposure to Mtb (29).”
Background
Improvement of mucosal immunity by a live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 nasal vaccine
Yeung, J., Wang, T., & Shi, P. (2023) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101347 · Cited by 9
Memory CD8 + T cells upregulate glycolysis and effector functions under limiting oxygen conditions
Beumer‐Chuwonpad, A., van Alphen, F. P. J., Kragten, N. A. M., Heeren, J. J. F., Gomez, M. R., Verhoeven, A. J., van den Biggelaar, M., & van Gisbergen, K. P. J. M. (2022) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202249918 · Cited by 9
FoxP3+ CD8 T-cells in acute HIV infection and following early antiretroviral therapy initiation
Yero, A., Shi, T., Routy, J., Tremblay, C., Durand, M., Costiniuk, C., & Jenabian, M.-A. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.962912 · Cited by 9
“In fact, EM T-cells show an increased ability to localize within tissues and migrate into non-lymphoid tissues in response to infection or inflammation (66, 67), suggesting a higher FoxP3 CD8 T-cell migratory potential towards inflammatory sites and the gut.”
Background
Multifunctional manganese-containing vaccine delivery system Ca@MnCO3/LLO for tumor immunotherapy
Huang, L., Liao, Y., Li, C., Ma, Z., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Biomaterials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212752 · Cited by 11
Ubiquitin specific protease 1 expression and function in T cell immunity
Omilusik, K., Nadjsombati, M. S., Yoshida, T., Shaw, L. A., Goulding, J., & Goldrath, A. W. (2021) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.439046 · Cited by 9
“TEM, considered to be shorter-lived and more terminally differentiated, display enhanced effector-like properties and circulate through the vasculature and tissue while TCM exhibit heightened homeostatic proliferation, multipotency, longevity and recall potential and mediate their localization to lymph nodes via expre…”
Background
Peculiar Phenotypic and Cytotoxic Features of Pulmonary Mucosal CD8 T Cells in People Living with HIV Receiving Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy
Méziane, O., Alexandrova, Y., Olivenstein, R., Dupuy, F., Salahuddin, S., Thomson, E., Orlova, M., Schurr, E., Ancuța, P., Durand, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000916 · Cited by 9
Resident Memory T Cells and Their Role within the Liver
Ghilas, S., Valencia‐Hernandez, A. M., Enders, M. H., Heath, W. R., & Fernandez‐Ruiz, D. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228565 · Cited by 14
“TCM cells were found to migrate through lymphoid tissues, whereas TEM cells were thought to traffic through peripheral tissues and the blood [35,36].”
BackgroundResult
Antigenic Restimulation of Virus-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells Requires Days of Lytic Protein Accumulation for Maximal Cytotoxic Capacity
Migueles, S., Rogan, D. C., Gavil, N. V., Kelly, E. P., Toulmin, S. A., Wang, L. T., Lack, J., Ward, A. J., Pryal, P. F., Ludwig, A. K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01595-20 · Cited by 9
“tions, memory CD8 T cells have been observed to be directly cytotoxic (18, 19) or to”
Background
HIV infection-induced transcriptional program in renal tubular epithelial cells activates a CXCR2-driven CD4+ T-cell chemotactic response
Chen, P., Yi, Z., Zhang, W., Klotman, M. E., & Chen, B. K. (2016) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001153 · Cited by 8
“TCM recirculate preferentially to the T-cell areas of lymphoid organs conducting surveillance for specific Ag, whereas TEM preferentially migrate to inflamed peripheral tissues [35,38].”
Background
Commentary: Memory CD8+ T cells colocalize with IL-7+ stromal cells in bone marrow and rest in terms of proliferation and transcription
Rosa, F. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00102 · Cited by 9
“Indeed, the BM is a huge organ and, moreover, after the peak of an acute response, antigen-specific CD8 T cell contraction is often less pronounced in the BM than in other organs, resulting in a high number of memory CD8 T cells in the BM in the memory phase (7, 8, 27, 28).”
CD8+ T cell responses specific for hepatitis B virus core protein in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
Cao, W., Qiu, Z.-F., Zhu, T., Li, Y.-L., Han, Y., & Li, T.-S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.022 · Cited by 9
“CCR7 is a chemokine receptor involved in lymphocyte recirculation to secondary lymphoid tissues [15,16].”
Background
Tissue Competence Imprinting and Tissue Residency of CD8 T Cells
Krzysiek, R., de Herve, M.-G. D. G., Yang, H., & Taoufik, Y. (2013) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00283 · Cited by 17
“Thus, although organ/tissue-specificity seems to be predetermined in the context of DLNs, precise tissue-specific positioning of SLECs seems to be characterized by sequential modifications of the expressed zip codes which are dynamically adjusted according to the given step of cell trafficking process and local inflam…”
BackgroundInfluential
In vitro-established alloantigen-specific CD8+ CTLs mediate graft-versus-tumor activity in the absence of graft-versus-host disease
Hartmann, N., Leithäuser, F., Albers, C., Duyster, J., Möller, P., Debatin, K., & Strauß, G. (2011) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2011.16 · Cited by 8
Platelets as a potential new immune coordinator in T cell-mediated aplastic anemia
Tan, S., He, H., Li, Y., Shang, M., Cao, Y., Zou, D., Hu, R., Hui, W., Chang, X., Ni, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1568169 · Cited by 9
Inflammatory Milieu by Crosstalk between Glomerulus and Proximal Tubular Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Kidney Disease
Park, P. G., Hwang, J., Kim, Y., Hong, M., Yun, D., Yoon, H., Kang, C., Bae, S., Kwak, S. H., Moon, K. C., et al. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0535 · Cited by 6
“3E) [15,33,34].”
Intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells: Characteristics, spatial heterogeneity, age-related dynamics, and roles in disease regulation
Yan, R., Jia, D., Qi, Y., Wang, Q., & Chen, S. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.021 · Cited by 11
“They constitute a long-lived memory cell population during infection, circulating in the blood and entering secondary lymphoid organs [3].”
Streptococcus lutetiensis inhibits CD8+ IL17A+ TRM cells and leads to gastric cancer progression and poor prognosis
Wang, H.-Y., You, W., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Y., Hu, C., Lu, J., Huang, Y., Peng, R., Shan, R., Li, R., et al. (2025) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-025-00810-2 · Cited by 8
Gut-tropic T cells and extra-intestinal autoimmune diseases
Wu, Y., Wang, Q., Jia, S., Lu, Q., & Zhao, M. (2024) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103544 · Cited by 10
Sublethal whole-body irradiation induces permanent loss and dysfunction in pathogen-specific circulating memory CD8 T cell populations
Heidarian, M., Jensen, I. J., Kannan, S., Pewe, L. L., Hassert, M. A., Park, S.-R., Xue, H.-H., Harty, J., & Badovinac, V. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.2302785120 · Cited by 8
“T CIRCM cells are further subdivided into CD62L - effector memory (T EM ) cells and CD62L + central memory (T CM ) cells, each with preferential localization, phenotype, and function (9, 15–17).”
Increased Expression of CD95 in CD4+ Effector Memory T Cells Promotes Th17 Response in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis
Huang, X.-Y., Zhu, J., Liu, T., Li, F., Yang, T.-R., Li, H., Chen, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y.-Z., Fu, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10030-7 · Cited by 8
Antigen-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in the Respiratory System Were Generated following Intranasal Vaccination of Mice with BCG
Wu, Q., Kang, S., Huang, J., Wan, S., Yang, B., & Wu, C. Y. (2021) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2021/6660379 · Cited by 10
“As early as 2001, CD8 TRM cells were discovered and subsequently demonstrated to play a cytotoxic role in lung, skin, vagina, and respiratory tissues [4].”
Background
Harnessing liver-resident memory T cells for protection against malaria
Fernandez‐Ruiz, D., de Menezes, M. N., Holz, L. E., Ghilas, S., Heath, W. R., & Beattie, L. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1881485 · Cited by 9
Balancing Inflammation and Central Nervous System Homeostasis: T Cell Receptor Signaling in Antiviral Brain TRM Formation and Function
Netherby, C. S., Ayers, K. N., & Lukacher, A. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.624144 · Cited by 8
“Nearly 20 years ago, evidence emerged supporting the idea that a population of memory T cells poised with an effector arsenal resided in non-lymphoid tissues (3).”
Background
sLeX Expression Delineates Distinct Functional Subsets of Human Blood Central and Effector Memory T Cells
Silva, M., Martin, K. C., Mondal, N., & Sackstein, R. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900679 · Cited by 9
“In contrast, TEM cells exhibit immediate effector function upon antigenic stimulation, display poor proliferative ability, and enter peripheral tissues but are excluded from lymphoid organs (13).”
Background
Harnessing Cross-Reactive CD8 + T RM Cells for Long-Standing Protection Against Influenza A Virus
Uddback, I. E. M., Kohlmeier, J. E., Thomsen, A. R., & Christensen, J. P. (2020) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2019.0177 · Cited by 8
“However, since then groups studying memory T cells found that a population of the effector memory T cells were residing in the peripheral tissues and did not reenter the circulation (17,32).”
Background
Retrogenic ICOS Expression Increases Differentiation of KLRG-1hi CD127lo CD8+ T Cells During Listeria Infection and Diminishes Recall Responses
Liu, D.-Y., Burd, E., Coopersmith, C., & Ford, M. (2016) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500218 · Cited by 8
“To isolate lymphocytes from liver, liver was perfused in situ via the portal vein, cells were made into a single-cell suspension, and Percoll gradient centrifugation was used as described (34).”
LTβR expression on hematopoietic cells regulates acute inflammation and influences maturation of myeloid subpopulations
Wege, A., Huber, B., Wimmer, N., Männel, D., & Hehlgans, T. (2014) · Innate Immunity · doi:10.1177/1753425913497242 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, it has been previously reported that extra-lymphoid tissues play an important role in the induction of immune responses.(21,22) In addition, LTBR / mice revealed similar allograft rejection as wt mice, but this graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) reaction was delayed in splenectomized LTbR / mice.”
Background
Enhanced and aberrant T cell trafficking following total body irradiation: a gateway to graft‐versus‐host disease?
Vianello, F., Cannella, L., Coe, D., Chai, J.-G., Golshayan, D., Marelli-Berg, F., & Dazzi, F. (2013) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.12472 · Cited by 8
Adoptive Transfer of Mammaglobin-A Epitope Specific CD8 T Cells Combined with a Single Low Dose of Total Body Irradiation Eradicates Breast Tumors
Lerret, N. M., Rogozinska, M., Jaramillo, A., & Marzo, A. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041240 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Systemic vaccination induces clonally diverse SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations in systemic and mucosal compartments
Sircar, P., Furr, K. L., & Letvin, N. L. (2012) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2012.52 · Cited by 8
Immunophenotypic shift of memory CD8 T cells identifies the changes of immune status in the patients after liver transplantation
Sun, Y., Yin, S.-Y., Xie, H.-Y., Zhou, L., Wang, Y., Wu, L.-M., & Zheng, S.-S. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365510903268818 · Cited by 8
IL-15 independent maintenance of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the CNS during chronic infection
Zuo, J., Stohlman, S. A., Parra, G. I., & Bergmann, C. C. (2008) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.11.005 · Cited by 6
“An important property of CD8 TEM cells or non-lymphoid tissue resident CD8 T cells is retention of effector functions, specifically constitutive expression of granzyme B (Masopust et al., 2001; Masopust et al., 2006).”
Transition From Psoriasis to Psoriatic Arthritis is Characterized by Distinct Alterations in Peripheral Blood Tc17, Th17, and CD4 + Effector Memory Cells
Grasshoff, H., Comdühr, S., Nording, H., von Esebeck, J., Letz, P., Prohaczka, M., Gedik, H., Zirpel, H., Spallek, E., Ha-Wissel, L., et al. (2025) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.43396 · Cited by 7
The soldiers needed to be awakened: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells
Yaping, W., Wang, Z., Zhuling, C., Li, R., Pengyu, F., Lili, G., Cheng, J., Bo, Z., Liu, L., Guangdong, H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.988703 · Cited by 9
“TEM cells produce integrins and chemokine receptors and traffic them into various tissues (Masopust et al., 2001; Sallusto et al., 2004).”
Background
Programmed T cell differentiation: Implications for transplantation
Crepeau, R. L., & Ford, M. L. (2020) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104099 · Cited by 5
The Microtubule-Associated Protein Lis1 Regulates T Lymphocyte Homeostasis and Differentiation
Ngoi, S., Lopez, J. M., & Chang, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1502410 · Cited by 7
“Lymphocytes from liver and lung were harvested as previously described (12).”
Method
Regulation of Tissue-Dependent Differences in CD8+ T Cell Apoptosis during Viral Infection
Kapoor, V., Shin, H., Cho, O., Berg, L., Kang, J., & Welsh, R. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01223-14 · Cited by 7
“T cells persist at high frequencies in nonlymphoid tissues after resolution of the immune response, and these T cells are uniquely geared to produce effector cytokines (58–62).”
Background
Celebrating Diversity in Memory T Cells
Kaech, S. M. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303268 · Cited by 8
“(2) demonstrated that following systemic vesicular stomatitis virus or oral Listeria infection in mice, Ag-specific memory CD8(1) T cells could be found in virtually every tissue analyzed and that their frequencies in nonlymphoid tissues (such as kidney, intestine, liver, lung, and fat pad) tended to be higher than th…”
Lack of IL‐7 and IL‐15 signaling affects interferon‐γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells
Isakov, D., Dzutsev, A. H., Berzofsky, J. A., & Belyakov, I. M. (2011) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201141453 · Cited by 6

Authors: Masopust, D., Vezys, V., Marzo, A. L., & Lefrançois, L.
Affiliations: UConn Health (US)
Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
ORCID: Masopust, David
Vezys, Vaiva
Marzo, Amanda L.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2001-03-23
Volume: 291
Issue: 5512
Pages: 2413-2417
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1058867
OpenAlex: W2081097093
Cited by: 1,952
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 42.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI41576, T32 AI 07080, R01AI041576, T32AI007080)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK45260, R01DK045260)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Keywords: effector memory T cells, non-lymphoid tissues, CD8+ T cells, T cell migration, intracellular pathogens, viral infection, bacterial infection, lytic activity
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Movement, Cells, Cultured, Flow Cytometry, H-2 Antigens, Immunologic Memory, Intestine, Small, Listeriosis, Listeria monocytogenes, Liver, Lung, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphoid Tissue, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Ovalbumin, Phenotype, Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Rhabdoviridae Infections, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Mice

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Preferential Localization of Effector Memory Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissue

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