Cited by 376Obesity and Health PracticesObesity, Physical Activity, DietRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A war on obesity, not the obese.

Friedman, Jeffrey M.·2003·Science

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In their efforts to lose weight, obese individuals may be fighting a powerful set of evolutionary forces honed in an environment drastically different from that of today.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.1079856

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372425a0 · Cited by 13,419
Self-citation
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873
Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190
Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals
Friedman, J. M., & Halaas, J. L. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27376 · Cited by 5,405
Self-citation
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies.
Hardin, G., & Diamond, J. M. (1997) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137390 · Cited by 4,983
Sick individuals and sick populations
Rose, G. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.427 · Cited by 3,736
Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. W. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199910073411501 · Cited by 3,643
Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?
Neel, J. V. (1962) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 3,172
Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans
Montague, C. T., Farooqi, I. S., Whitehead, J. P., Soos, M. A., Rau, H., Wareham, N. J., Sewter, C. P., Digby, J. E., Mohammed, S. N., Hurst, J. A., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43185 · Cited by 2,936

Show all 36 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Allison D., et al., Int. J. Obes. 20, 501 (1996).
Wadden T. A., et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 214 (1998).
Kumanyika S., Ethn. Dis. 12, 316 (2002).
Zimmet P., et al., Diabetes Res. 1, 13 (1984).
Neel J. V., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14, 353 (1962).

Sorted by citations

Items 301–376 of 376

Effects of perinatal overfeeding on mechanisms controlling food intake and body weight homeostasis
López, M., Lage, R., Zerón, H. M., González, R., & Diéguez, C. (2006) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.1.5.651 · Cited by 1
Fatty Acids and Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Obesity
Pimentel, G. D., Contreras, C., & López, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-63067-036-8.00021-4 · Cited by 1
The association between adiponectin and ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms with obesity among young Jordanian women
Alomari, M. A., Khabour, O. F., & Obaid, A. A. A. (2016) · Genetika · doi:10.2298/gensr1601363a · Cited by 1
Поєднання ожиріння з різними інфекціями як міждисциплінарна проблема сучасної клінічної медицини
Pankiv, І. V. (2019) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.15.6.2019.185413 · Cited by 1
Copy Number Variants and Their Contribution to the Risk of Obesity
Moustafa, J. S. E.-S., & Froguel, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8642-8_4 · Cited by 1
Hormokines : a novel concept of plasticity in neuro-endo-immunology
Sebök, D. (2006) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-003995376 · Cited by 1
Algal Carotenoids as Potent Antioxidants
Miyashita, K., Widjaja‐Adhi, M. A. K., Abe, M., & Hosokawa, M. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119977087.ch24 · Cited by 1
Adipose Tissue and Overweight
Levine, T. B., & Levine, A. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118480045.ch10 · Cited by 2
Combination Therapies for Obesity
Atkinson, R. L., & Uwaifo, G. I. (2005) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-865-x:277 · Cited by 1
Gastric emptying in humans; carbohydrate ingestion, gastrointestinal hormones and genetic variation
Yau, M. W. A. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32435778 · Cited by 1
Neuroendocrine Gene Regulation in Hypothalamic Cell Lines
Dhillon, S., Kim, G. L., & Belsham, D. D. (2010) · The Open Neuroendocrinology Journal · Cited by 1
Beneficial effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation to diabetic rats
Kohli, R. (2004) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 1
Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Seoane, L. M., López, M., & Nogueiras, R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.65178-4 · Cited by 1
Appendix
Keller, U. B. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203508756.ax1 · Cited by 1
Central Integration of Environmental and Endogenous Signals Important in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure
Kelesidis, I., Kelesidis, T., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-453-1_4
Rolle von endokrinen und metabolischen Faktoren des Fettgewebes in der Pathophysiologie des metabolischen Syndroms
Böttner, A., Kratzsch, J., Beck‐Sickinger, A. G., Stümvoll, M., & Kieß, W. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-28782-5_18
Role for Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 in the Metabolic Effects of Leptin
Cohen, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7969-7_4
Exposure to food environments, diet and weight status in children
Cetateanu, A. (2014) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Role of Energy Expenditure in Regulation of Energy Homeostasis
Bachman, E. S. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-985-1_6
Nuevas acciones de p53: Homeostasis metabólica y efecto orexigénico de ghrelin
Raimundo, V., & Alfredo, D. V. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
The culture and differentiation of human pluripotent cells into brown and white adipocytes
Schinzel, R. T. (2012) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-14513
Evaluating the Get Into Fitness Today (GIFT) Program: Weight Loss and the Roles of Education and Empowerment
Novicki, E. (2011) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Weight Loss and Diet
Levine, T. B., & Levine, A. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118480045.ch11
Metabolische Wirkungen des ersten nicht-peptidischen Angiotensin II Rezeptor Typ 2 Agonisten
Wardat, S. (2012) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-8248
PERDA DE PESO, INDICADORES DO METABOLISMO DE CARBOIDRATOS E PRODUÇÃO DE CITOCINAS EM CÃES
Brunetto, M. A. (2010) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Influence de la générosité parentale et contrôle alimentaire sur l'obésité pédiatrique
Ehmke, M. D., Morgan, K., Schroeter, C., Larson‐Meyer, E., & Ballenger, N. (2011) · Revue française d économie · doi:10.3917/rfe.113.0069
Nutrition et obésité : nouvelles mesures pour 2008 Le point de vue d’un pédiatre de terrain
Tounian, P. (2008) · Obésité · doi:10.1007/s11690-008-0107-7
Qualifying Fat Storage Phenotypes Using Gas Chromatography in Caenorhabditis elegans
Fechtner, S. (2014) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
MELANOCORTIN-4 RECEPTOR (MC4R) VARIANTS AND MEASURES OF ADIPOSITY IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
Lee, M. R. (2006) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
dieta hipocalórica e treinamento em circuito ou caminhada
Fett, C. A. (2005)
CEACAM1 : a molecular link between fat metabolism and insulin clearance
Yang, Y. (2004) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
The Central Nervous System in Metabolic Syndrome
Martins, L., Whittle, A. J., Nogueiras, R., Vidal‐Puig, A., Diéguez, C., & López, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01008-3_7
Thinking beyond health to motivate dietary change: piloting a vegan healthy eating program for obesity management
Berman, M. A. (2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central)
Obesity and spatial context in Appalachia
Alt, R. J. (2008) · doi:10.33915/etd.882 · Cited by 1
LA NUTRICIÓN MOLECULAR Y SUS APORTES AL ESTUDIO DE LA OBESIDAD.
Quintero, Y., Bastardo, G., & R., C. E. A. (2015) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México)
The influence of diet-induced obesity on the generation, function and maintenance of influenza-specific memory CD8+ T cells
Karlsson, E. A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/z7a5-ph53
PREVENTING EFFECT ON DIET-INDUCED OBESITY OFWATER-EXTRACT FROM MASSON PINE POLLEN ON MICE
Geng, Y., Zhang, H., Song, H., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Liu, M., Chen, S., & Han, L. (2015) · African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines · doi:10.21010/ajtcam.v12i5.3 · Cited by 2
Edorexia y deporte. Una concepción acerca de la obesidad y la adicción a la comida Edorexia and Sport. A Conception of the Obesity and Craving Food
Morales, J. L. L. (2012)
Obesidade: para prevenir é preciso conhecer
de Oliveira, M. M. (2014) · Revista Neurociências · doi:10.4181/rnc.2014.22.03.editorial960.2p
Modern science versus the stigma of
Friedman, M. J. (2004)
Dieting and non-dieting: Socio-cognitive determinants and associations with nutrition and health status indicators
Leske, S. (2015)
Behavioral Weight Management of Obese Patients with Mental Disorders
McElroy, S. L., & Kotwal, R. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780849374517-14
Investigating the physiological role of hypothalamic glucokinase in appetite and glucose homeostasis
Hussain, S. S. (2013) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/14696
Relationships Between Serum Leptin and Bone Mineral with Eating Restraint or Weight Loss
Volpe, J. J. (2005) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Overcoming immunization barriers.
Gifford, D. R., Bratzler, D. W., & Mota, T. C. (2005) · PubMed
Amino acids level in rats upon long-term administration of progesterone
Aleksandrov, A., Ishchuk, T., SKOPENKO, O. V., & Konopelniuk, V. (2016) · Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Series Problems of Physiological Functions Regulation · doi:10.17721/2616_6410.2016.21.75-78
Human Adaptations to Temporally and Spatially Variable Environments
Templeton, A. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386025-5.00012-9
Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents
Garcia, V. F., & Inge, T. H. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-02842-4.50081-4
Principles of Epigenome Evolution
Zhou, J. (2014) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7dj5cs7
Revisioning Obesity in Health Care Practice and Research
Rogge, M. M., & Gautam, B. (2021) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000405
References
(2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119836070.refs
References
Templeton, A. R. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470047356.refs
Behavioral Weight Management of Obese Patients with Mental Disorders
McElroy, S. L., & Kotwal, R. (2006) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9780849374517.011
Genetic Contributions to the Development of Obesity
Shriner, D., Coulibaly, I., Ankra-Badu, G. A., Baye, T. M., & Allison, D. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394323142.ch5
Chapter 2. Obesity In The United States: The Gravity of the Situation
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg02
Index
(2010) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.index
Chapter 3. Food: The Basic Principles of Calories
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg03
Chapter 9. Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, And Weight
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg09
Chapter 8. Exercise
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg08
Chapter 6. Psychiatric Disorders And Weight
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg06
Chapter 11. Psychological Treatment Strategies And Weight
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg11
Chapter 5. The Metabolic Complexities Of Weight Control
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg05
Chapter 7. Medical Conditions and Weight
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg07
Chapter 12. Pharmacological And Surgical Treatments For Overweight And Obesity
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg12
Chapter 10. Diet And Weight
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg10
Chapter 4. The Psychology Of The Eater
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg04
Front Matter
(2010) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.fm01
Chapter 1. Introduction
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.lg01
Appendix. Selected Readings and Web Sites
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378050.bm01
Obesity in children
Šimková, S. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Social Studies Public Health and Rehabilitation · doi:10.32725/jnss.2020.001
CONSIDERATIONS OF PHYSICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION IN BARIATRIC SURGERY PATIENTS
Gürcü, F. D. S. (2025) · Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute · doi:10.30794/pausbed.1509825
Weekly frequency of school-based HIIT improves adiposity and fitness in children with obesity
Gao, Y., Cao, M., Xie, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, T., Wang, C., & Wang, X. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115715
Neonatal Overnutrition-Induced Adiposity and Glucose Intolerance are Associated with Impaired Lipolytic and Insulin Signaling in Adipose Tissue
de Souza, C. F., Stopa, L. R. S., Martins, A. B., Wunderlich, A. L. M., Silva, F. D. F., Komino, A. C. M., de Andrade, F. G., Leite, C. M., Zaia, C. T. B. V., Lima, F. B., et al. (2026) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2026.103499
A licorice-derived compound 2,3β-dihydroxy-11-oxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes in mice
Shi, L., Zhou, B., Hong, M., Wei, S., Liu, C., Yuan, Y., Hu, S., Duez, P., Faruque, M. O., Wei, Y., et al. (2026) · Chinese Herbal Medicines · doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2026.08.007
Transforming Obesity Care With Digital Therapeutics: Mobile Health Apps, Clinical Evidence, and Regulatory Considerations
Mayuri, Bhattacharya, B., Kar, K., Pawar, P. K., Singh, I., Sangnim, T., & Huanbutta, K. (2026) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/jobe/9482093
BindingDB Entry 50039769: Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of novel spiro-piperidines as acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors.
BindingDB (2013) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2vm4d8n

Authors: Friedman, J. M.
Affiliations: Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Friedman, Jeffrey M.
ORCID: Friedman, Jeffrey M.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2003-02-07
Volume: 299
Issue: 5608
Pages: 856-858
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1079856
OpenAlex: W2019056933
Cited by: 375
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 104.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK-41096, R01DK041096)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: obesity, weight loss, adaptive evolution, human evolution, modern environments
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Female, Genes, Homeostasis, Humans, Hunger, Life Style, Male, Obesity, Public Health, Selection, Genetic, United States, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Leptin

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A war on obesity, not the obese.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks