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The Nuclear DNA Base 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Is Present in Purkinje Neurons and the Brain
Open accessAbstract
Despite the importance of epigenetic regulation in neurological disorders, little is known about neuronal chromatin. Cerebellar Purkinje neurons have large and euchromatic nuclei, whereas granule cell nuclei are small and have a more typical heterochromatin distribution. While comparing the abundance of 5-methylcytosine in Purkinje and granule cell nuclei, we detected the presence of an unusual DNA nucleotide. Using thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we identified the nucleotide as 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (hmdC). hmdC constitutes 0.6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells, 0.2% in granule cells, and is not present in cancer cell lines. hmdC is a constituent of nuclear DNA that is highly abundant in the brain, suggesting a role in epigenetic control of neuronal function.
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“5-hydroxymethylcytosine, which is produced by the addition of hydroxyl groups to 5-methylcytosine under the action of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes (Fig. 2).59,60”
From Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stress-related disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential (2023) · cites this paper as [60]
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“This enables FANS purification of target nuclei for assessment of DNA, nascent RNA transcription in the specific cell-type of interest, as well as proteomic analysis of histone modifications or transcription factor binding120,121.”
From Decoding neuroproteomics: integrating the genome, translatome and functional anatomy (2014) · cites this paper as [121]
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“First, neurons have high levels of hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC), a derivative of mC that may have distinct functional roles (Kriaucionis and Heintz, 2009; Mellén et al., 2017).”
From Single-Cell Sequencing of Brain Cell Transcriptomes and Epigenomes (2021) · cites this paper as Kriaucionis and Heintz, 2009
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Rasmi, Y., Shokati, A., Hassan, A., Aziz, S. G., Bastani, S., Jalali, L., Moradi, F., & Alipour, S. (2022) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.12.002 · Cited by 89
Epigenetic layers and players underlying neurodevelopment
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Dynamics of DNA Methylation in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
Irier, H. A., & Jin, P. (2012) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2011.1565 · Cited by 85
Oxygenase Catalyzed 5-Methylcytosine Hydroxylation
Loenarz, C., & Schofield, C. J. (2009) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.06.002 · Cited by 85
Mutations along a TET2 active site scaffold stall oxidation at 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
Liu, M. Y., Torabifard, H., Crawford, D. J., DeNizio, J. E., Cao, X.-J., Garcia, B. A., Cisneros, G. A., & Kohli, R. M. (2016) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2250 · Cited by 85
Large-scale methylation domains mark a functional subset of neuronally expressed genesPreprint
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Senner, C. E., Krueger, F., Oxley, D., Andrews, S., & Hemberger, M. (2012) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.1249 · Cited by 89
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Barhoumi, A., & Halas, N. J. (2011) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/jz201423b · Cited by 83
Structural insights into how 5-hydroxymethylation influences transcription factor binding
Lercher, L., McDonough, M. A., El-Sagheer, A. H., Thalhammer, A., Kriaučionis, S., Brown, T. P., & Schofield, C. J. (2013) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c3cc48151d · Cited by 84
Alternation of histone and DNA methylation in human atherosclerotic carotid plaques
Napieralski, R., Wagner, E., Gebhard, H., Schmitt, M., Zimmermann, A., Eckstein, H.-H., Greißel, A., Culmes, M., Zernecke, A., & Pelisek, J. (2015) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th14-10-0852 · Cited by 83
Enigmatic 5-hydroxymethyluracil: Oxidatively modified base, epigenetic mark or both?
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The role of epigenomics in personalized medicine
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“The functions of these exotic marks are still being elucidated, but 5hmC may play an important role in the central nervous system, where it is prevalent, and in the regulation of pluripotency in stem cells [19,20].”
BackgroundVlot, M., Houkes, J., Lochs, S. J. A., Swarts, D. C., Zheng, P., Künne, T., Mohanraju, P., Anders, C., Jínek, M., John van der, O. O. S. T., et al. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1264 · Cited by 83
“Firstly, Cas9 is not inhibited by 5-hmC modifications which allows editing of cells with 5-hmC modified regions such as some neuronal cells (64,65).”
BackgroundKofink, D., Boks, M. P. M., Timmers, H. T. M., & Kas, M. J. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.020 · Cited by 83
Tackling the epigenome: challenges and opportunities for collaboration
Satterlee, J. S., Schübeler, D., & Ng, H. (2010) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1010-1039 · Cited by 84
Metadata
- Authors
- Kriaucionis, S., & Heintz, N.
- Affiliations
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heintz, Nathaniel
- ORCID
- Heintz, Nathaniel
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-05-15
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 5929
- Pages
- 929-930
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3263819
- OpenAlex
- W2152451432
- Cited by
- 2,700
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 190 · 2017: 218 · 2016: 236 · 2015: 220 · 2014: 259 · 2013: 252 · 2012: 202
- FWCI
- 69.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA modifications and cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, Purkinje cells, cerebellar granule cells, DNA methylation, epigenetic regulation, brain DNA, nucleotide composition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Chemistry, Cell Line, Cerebellum, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Cytosine, Deoxycytidine, DNA, DNA Damage, Humans, Purkinje Cells, Mass Spectrometry, 5-Methylcytosine, Mice
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