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The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans
Open accessAbstract
African Origins: The modern human originated in Africa and subsequently spread across the globe. However, the genetic relationships among the diverse populations on the African continent have been unclear. Tishkoff et al. (p. 1035; see the cover, published online 30 April) provide a detailed genetic analysis of most major groups of African populations. The findings suggest that Africans represent 14 ancestral populations. Populations tend to be of mixed ancestry which documents historical migrations. The data mainly support but sometimes challenge proposed relationships between groups of self-identified ethnicity previously hypothesized on the basis of linguistic studies. The authors also examined populations of African Americans and individuals of mixed ancestry from Cape Town, documenting the variation and origins of admixture within these groups.
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“More recent studies that utilized high-density genotype data provide reliable individual ancestry estimates, illustrate the large variability in African and European ancestry proportions at an individual level, and are able to detect low proportions of Native American ancestry.3–11”
From The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
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“This rich diversity is supported by genome‐wide microsatellite DNA variation in 3000 African subjects demonstrating 14 ancestral population groupings.”
From The evolution of human skin pigmentation: A changing medley of vitamins, genetic variability, and UV radiation during human expansion (2023) · cites this paper as Tishkoff et al., 2009
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“The Sandawe have admixed with neighboring populations of diverse ancestries who migrated into Tanzania within the past 5000 years [73].”
From Population structure of human gut bacteria in a diverse cohort from rural Tanzania and Botswana (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
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mtDNA variation in East Africa unravels the history of afro‐asiatic groups
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CTG18.1 Expansion in TCF4 Among African Americans With Fuchs' Corneal Dystrophy
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A genome‐wide association and replication study of blood pressure in Ugandan early adolescents
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“Despite having a high burden of hypertension, and opportunities for improved fine‐mapping of causative variants, including higher genetic diversity and lower linkage disequilibrium (LD; Addo, Smeeth, & Leon, 2007; Luoni et al., 2005; Noubiap et al., 2017; Tishkoff et al., 2009), African populations are underrepresente…”
BackgroundGermline genomic patterns are associated with cancer risk, oncogenic pathways, and clinical outcomes
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An evolutionary perspective of how infection drives human genome diversity: the case of malaria
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“The exceptionally high genetic diversity of African populations [36] poses challenges to the identification of true association results: population structure can lead to false positives, while low levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) across markers increase the chance of false negatives, and heterogeneity in haplotyp…”
BackgroundThe Emergence of Socio-Genomics
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Myocilin mutations in black South Africans with POAG.
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Self-citationAncient Human Migration after Out-of-Africa
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“This migration event resolves the observed unstable placement between East African and Middle Eastern ancestries 3,4,6 : Cushitic ancestry has both East African and Middle Eastern origins.”
Middle Stone Age human teeth from Magubike rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania
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“pylori in Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria) probably reflects contacts between North Africa and the great subSaharan empires such as those of Ghana (700–1100 AD), Mali (800–1550 AD) and Songhai (1300–1600 AD), including the trade of gold, salt and slaves [29,31].”
BackgroundCamperio-Ciani, A., Edelman, S., & Ebstein, R. P. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1917 · Cited by 22
“(1999) were based on a major recent global genetic survey using an extremely large array of neutral control markers (Tishkoff et al., 2009) in a series of random samplings from very large populations.”
Backgroundvan der Linden, E. L., Meeks, K. A. C., Beune, E., Aikins, A. D., Addo, J., Owusu‐Dabo, E., Mockenhaupt, F. P., Bahendeka, S., Danquah, I., Schulze, M. B., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckz051 · Cited by 22
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Application of genetic/genomic approaches to allergic disorders
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“STRUCTURE, in addition to inferring the number of K populations and the membership probabilities of individuals based on ancestry, allows a hierarchical analysis of sampling sites from K = 2 to K = n, where n is the number of populations estimated with the highest mean probability of density value (Tishkoff et al., 20…”
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Extreme genetic structure in a social bird species despite high dispersal capacity
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“previously reported for highly structured data to select the best K (Tishkoff et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialParallel Trajectories of Genetic and Linguistic Admixture in a Genetically Admixed Creole Population
Verdu, P., Jewett, E. M., Pemberton, T. J., Rosenberg, N. A., & Baptista, M. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.002 · Cited by 22
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An African perspective on the genetic risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tishkoff, S. A., Reed, F. A., Friedlaender, F. R., Ehret, C., Ranciaro, A., Froment, A., Hirbo, J. B., Awomoyi, A. A., Bodo, J.-M., Doumbo, O., Ibrahim, M., Juma, A. T., Kotze, M. J., Lema, G., Moore, J. H., Mortensen, H., Nyambo, T. B., Omar, S. A., Powell, K., Pretorius, G. S., Smith, M. W., Thera, M. A., Wambebe, C., Weber, J. L., & Williams, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Niche, Nutrition, Cancer et métabolisme oxydatif (FR)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Ferrara (IT)
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (FR)
- Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation (CM)
- University of Bamako (ML)
- University of Khartoum (SD)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (TZ)
- Departments of Genetics and Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- International Biomedical Research in Africa, Abuja, Nigeria.
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tishkoff, Sarah A.
- Reed, Floyd A.
- Friedlaender, Françoise R.
- Ranciaro, Alessia
- Froment, Alain
- Awomoyi, Agnes A.
- Mortensen, Holly
- Powell, Kweli
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-05-22
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 5930
- Pages
- 1035-1044
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC2947357
- OpenAlex
- W2129316818
- Cited by
- 1,573
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 102 · 2014: 119 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 123
- FWCI
- 75.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01co12400-79-0-22)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL65234, R01HL065234)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (F32HG03801, F32HG003801)
- National Cancer Institute (N01-CO-012400)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM083606, R01GM076637)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Keywords
- African American ancestry, admixture, microsatellite markers, InDel markers, Khoesan, Pygmies, European ancestry, migration history, self-reported ethnicity
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Bayes Theorem, Black or African American, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnicity, Genotype, Geography, Humans, Language, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Cluster Analysis, Microsatellite Repeats, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Principal Component Analysis, Black People, Racial Groups, Gene Flow, INDEL Mutation
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