Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa
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Equilibrium models of isolation by distance predict an increase in genetic differentiation with geographic distance. Here we find a linear relationship between genetic and geographic distance in a worldwide sample of human populations, with major deviations from the fitted line explicable by admixture or extreme isolation. A close relationship is shown to exist between the correlation of geographic distance and genetic differentiation (as measured by F ST ) and the geographic pattern of heterozygosity across populations. Considering a worldwide set of geographic locations as possible sources of the human expansion, we find that heterozygosities in the globally distributed populations of the data set are best explained by an expansion originating in Africa and that no geographic origin outside of Africa accounts as well for the observed patterns of genetic diversity. Although the relationship between F ST and geographic distance has been interpreted in the past as the result of an equilibrium model of drift and dispersal, simulation shows that the geographic pattern of heterozygosities in this data set is consistent with a model of a serial founder effect starting at a single origin. Given this serial-founder scenario, the relationship between genetic and geographic distance allows us to derive bounds for the effects of drift and natural selection on human genetic variation.
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Non-African populations have decreased genetic diversity as a result of bottlenecks that occurred as humans moved into Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas.
“The increased variant count in African populations is consistent with the out-of-Africa model of human migration across the world, as well as the decreased genetic diversity in non-African populations as a result of the bottlenecks that occurred as humans moved into Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas (Ramachandran et al. 2005; DeGiorgio et al. 2009; Li and Durbin 2011).”
From The Impact of Modern Admixture on Archaic Human Ancestry in Human Populations (2023) · cites this paper as Ramachandran et al. 2005
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- Authors
- Ramachandran, S., Deshpande, O., Roseman, C. C., Rosenberg, N. A., Feldman, M. W., & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2005-10-21
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 44
- Pages
- 15942-15947
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1276087
- OpenAlex
- W1997722194
- Cited by
- 1,103
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 21.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 28106, GM 28428, P01GM028428)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- isolation by distance, genetic distance, geographic distance, human population genetics, heterozygosity, admixture, genetic drift, natural selection, human genetic variation, F(ST)
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Genetics, Population, Geography, Humans, Models, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Founder Effect, Genetic Heterogeneity, Genetic Drift
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