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Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time
Open accessAbstract
Growing on You: The human gut and skin harbor diverse microbial communities that are known to vary strikingly among individuals. Here, Costello et al. (p. 1694 , published online 5 November) analyzed microbial diversity among several distinct body habitats (including the gut, mouth, inside the ears and nose, and skin) of the same person at different times. They found that body habitat had more influence on microbial community composition than temporal differences and variation among people. Some skin locations, such as the index finger, back of the knee, and sole of the foot, on occasion harbored higher microbial diversity than the gut or oral cavity.
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“the fine structure of the healthy microbiota seems to be unique to individuals; intra-individual differences across time are typically much smaller than differences between individuals (Caporaso et al., 2011;Costello et al., 2009).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Costello et al., 2009
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“Within individuals, small day-to-day variations in microbiota composition are generally observed (Costello et al., 2009), but these fluctuations become most obvious when we take a wider view across the lifespan (see Fig. 3).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Costello et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Overall, no differences were identified in beta diversity since, as expected (19), longitudinal fecal samples were more similar within patients as compared to between patients, despite some drift with time in the Chaput study (Fig. S5A and S5C).”
From A Uniform Computational Approach Improved on Existing Pipelines to Reveal Microbiome Biomarkers of Nonresponse to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Study of short-term longitudinal samplings from half the donors found that individuals are more similar to themselves over time compared with others (Costello et al., 2009; Flores et al., 2014; Mehta et al., 2018).”
From Gut microbiome stability and dynamics in healthy donors and patients with non-gastrointestinal cancers (2021) · cites this paper as Costello et al., 2009
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“Previous studies of skin environments have suggested that sebaceous environments possess specifically adapted, perhaps lipophilic bacteria (Costello et al., 2009; Grice et al., 2009).”
From Nasal Microenvironments and Interspecific Interactions Influence Nasal Microbiota Complexity and S. aureus Carriage (2013) · cites this paper as Costello et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“A common feature of microbial ecological studies of the anterior naris has been the dominance of Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Propionibacterium species (Costello et al., 2009; Frank et al., 2010; Grice et al., 2009; TheHumanMicrobiomeProjectConsortium, 2012; Zhou et al., 2013).”
From Nasal Microenvironments and Interspecific Interactions Influence Nasal Microbiota Complexity and S. aureus Carriage (2013) · cites this paper as Costello et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Eruption of primary deciduous dentition introduces new substrata for microbial colonization, thus introducing ecological shifts within the oral microbiome.130, 131”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
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“The NIH Human Microbiome Project assessed the microbial compositions, encompassing both relative abundance and representative microbes, in 9 intraoral sites from 200 participants and found that, compared with other colonized body sites (such as the gut and the skin), the oral microbiome has the largest core set of microbes that are shared among unrelated individuals.130, 159”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Costello, E. K., Lauber, C. L., Hamady, M., Fierer, N., Gordon, J. I., & Knight, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Knight, Rob
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-12-18
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 5960
- Pages
- 1694-1697
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3602444
- OpenAlex
- W1989889539
- Cited by
- 3,231
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 145 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 230 · 2020: 234 · 2019: 217 · 2018: 233 · 2017: 267 · 2016: 210 · 2015: 217 · 2014: 197 · 2013: 237 · 2012: 192
- FWCI
- 58.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Crohn's and Colitis Foundation
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM065103)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P50DK064540, P01DK078669, DK78669, DK64540)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- human microbiome, bacterial community composition, biogeography, skin microbiome, gut microbiota, oral microbiota, temporal stability, interpersonal variability, community assembly, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bacteria, DNA, Bacterial, DNA, Ribosomal, Ear Canal, Feces, Female, Hair, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mouth, Nose, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Skin, Time Factors, Cluster Analysis, Genes, rRNA, Principal Component Analysis, Biodiversity, Metagenome
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