Global Distribution of Large Lunar Craters: Implications for Resurfacing and Impactor Populations
Abstract
Lunar Reconnaissance: The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter reached lunar orbit on 23 June 2009. Global data acquired since then now tell us about the impact history of the Moon and the igneous processes that shaped it. Using the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter, Head et al. (p. 1504 ; see the cover) provide a new catalog of large lunar craters. In the lunar highlands, large-impact craters have obliterated preexisting craters of similar size, implying that crater counts in this region cannot be used effectively to determine the age of the underlying terrain. Crater counts based on the global data set indicate that the nature of the Moon's impactor population has changed over time. Greenhagen et al. (p. 1507 ) and Glotch et al. (p. 1510 ) analyzed data from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment, which measures emitted thermal radiation and reflected solar radiation at infrared wavelengths. The silicate mineralogy revealed suggests the existence of more complex igneous processes on the Moon than previously assumed.
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Luna-1 is a 5,067 sample Moon crater dataset generated in Blender 3D with real-world NASA data products.
“We further introduce Luna-1, a 5,067 sample Moon crater dataset generated in the Blender 3D software [8] with real-world NASA data products.”
From MARs: Multi-view Attention Regularizations for Patch-based Feature Recognition of Space Terrain (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
DeepMoon applied a CNN to detect craters from a digital elevation map (DEM) represented as overhead imagery.
“Another recent system, DeepMoon [10], applied a CNN to detect craters from a digital elevation map (DEM) represented as overhead imagery.”
From Lunar Terrain Relative Navigation Using a Convolutional Neural Network for Visual Crater Detection (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
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Sori, M. M., Zuber, M. T., Head, J. W., III, & Kiefer, W. S. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationBaker, D. M. H., & Head, J. W., III (2013) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.07.003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Feng, X., Dong, Z., Liu, C., & Liang, W. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13040779 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bombardment history of the Moon constrained by crustal porosity
Huang, Y., Soderblom, J. M., Minton, D. A., Hirabayashi, M., & Melosh, H. J. (2022) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-022-00969-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Potassium Map from Chang'E-2 Constraints the Impact of Crisium and Orientale Basin on the Moon
Zhu, M., Chang, J., Ma, T., Ip, W.-H., Fa, W., Wu, J., Cai, M., Gong, Y., Hu, Y., Xu, A., et al. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01611 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Constraints on the depths of origin of peak rings on the Moon from Moon Mineralogy Mapper data
Baker, D. M. H., & Head, J. W., III (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.06.013 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface
Allender, E. J., Orgel, C., Almeida, N. V., Cook, J., Ende, J. J., Kamps, O., Mazrouei, S., Slezak, T. J., Soini, A.-J., & KRING, D. A. (2018) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2018.08.032 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lin, X., Zhu, Z., Yu, X., Ji, X., Luo, T., Xi, X., Zhu, M., & Liang, Y. (2022) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs14030621 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Baker, D. M. H., Head, J. W., III, Phillips, R. J., Neumann, G. A., Bierson, C. J., Smith, D. E., & Zuber, M. T. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationYOLO-Crater Model for Small Crater Detection
Mu, L., Xian, L., Li, L., Liu, G., Chen, M., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15205040 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Crater Detection Using the Morphological Characteristics of Chang'E-1 Digital Elevation Models
Xie, Y., Tang, G., Yan, S., & Lin, H. (2013) · IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters · doi:10.1109/lgrs.2012.2226432 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lunar Terrain Relative Navigation Using a Convolutional Neural Network for Visual Crater Detection
Downes, L. M., Steiner, T. J., & How, J. P. (2020) · 2020 American Control Conference (ACC) · doi:10.23919/acc45564.2020.9147595 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Chronology and sources of lunar impact bombardment
Ćuk, M. (2011) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.031 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fu, X., Qiao, L., Zhang, J., Ling, Z., & Li, B. (2020) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/20/1/8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Zhu, M., Bugiolacchi, R., Huang, Q., Osinski, G. R., Xiao, L., & Zou, Y. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.039 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lunar impact history constrained by GRAIL-derived basin relaxation measurements
Conrad, J. W., Nimmo, F., Fassett, C. I., & Kamata, S. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.029 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Geologic History of Mercury
Denevi, B. W., Ernst, C. M., Prockter, L. M., & Robinson, M. S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316650684.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Head, J. W., Fassett, C. I., Kadish, S. J., Smith, D. E., Zuber, M. T., Neumann, G. A., & Mazarico, E.
- Affiliations
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
- Brown University (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2010-09-17
- Volume
- 329
- Issue
- 5998
- Pages
- 1504-1507
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1969819425
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
- Keywords
- lunar craters, impactor population, Orientale basin, Imbrium basin, Nectaris basin, lunar highlands, lunar stratigraphy, early solar system history
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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