Synthetic Genetic Polymers Capable of Heredity and Evolution

Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual

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2′-fluoro-modified pyrimidines enhance affinity of RNA oligonucleotides to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

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Modified nucleoside triphosphates in bacterial research for in vitro and live-cell applications

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Advances in the Application of Modified Nucleotides in SELEX Technology

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Nucleosides with Transposed Base or 4′-Hydroxymethyl Moieties and Their Corresponding Oligonucleotides

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Identification of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase variants with increased mismatch discrimination and reverse transcriptase activity from a smart enzyme mutant library

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Nonenzymatic polymerase-like template-directed synthesis of acyclic l-threoninol nucleic acid

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Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics: Advances and Perspectives

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From polymerase engineering to semi-synthetic life: artificial expansion of the central dogma

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Targeting cancer cells using aptamers: cell-SELEX approach and recent advancements

Barman, J. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra12407c · Cited by 23

Transcription of 4′-thioDNA templates to natural RNA in vitro and in mammalian cells

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Synthesis of α- l -Threofuranosyl Nucleoside 3′-Monophosphates, 3′-Phosphoro(2-Methyl)imidazolides, and 3′-Triphosphates

Bala, S., Liao, J.-Y., Mei, H., & Chaput, J. C. (2017) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.7b00892 · Cited by 23

Building better polymerases: Engineering the replication of expanded genetic alphabets

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XNA enzymes by evolution and design

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Role of polymer–drug conjugates in organ-specific delivery systems

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Evolution of multivalent supramolecular assemblies of aptamers with target-defined spatial organization

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COSPAR Sample Safety Assessment Framework (SSAF)

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The Synthetic Nature of Biology

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Targeting non-coding RNA family members with artificial endonuclease XNAzymes

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Reverse Transcriptases: From Discovery and Applications to Xenobiology

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XNAzymes targeting the SARS-CoV-2 genome inhibit viral infection

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Consecutive incorporation of functionalized nucleotides with amphiphilic side chains by novel KOD polymerase mutant

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Advancing the search for extra-terrestrial genomes

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Transfer of Sequence Information and Replication of Diimine Duplexes

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Redox-Active Glycol Nucleic Acid (GNA) Components: Synthesis and Properties of the Ferrocenyl-GNA Nucleoside, Phosphoramidite, and Semicanonical Dinucleoside Phosphate

Piotrowicz, M., Kowalczyk, A., Trzybiński, D., Woźniak, K., & Kowalski, K. (2020) · Organometallics · doi:10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00851 · Cited by 21

Engineering Prokaryote Synthetic Biology Biosensors

Wan, X., Ho, T. Y. H., & Wang, B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23217-7_131 · Cited by 20

Biocontainment through Reengineered Genetic Codes

Ravikumar, A., & Liu, C. C. (2015) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201500157 · Cited by 20

Effects of Polymer Conjugation on Hybridization Thermodynamics of Oligonucleic Acids

Ghobadi, A. F., & Jayaraman, A. (2016) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b06970 · Cited by 20

Current Challenges in Nucleic Acid Synthesis

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The HOMO-LUMO Gap as Discriminator of Biotic from Abiotic Chemistries

Abrosimov, R., & Moosmann, B. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14101330 · Cited by 22

A method for selecting modified DNAzymes without the use of modified DNA as a template in PCR

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Thermophilic Nucleic Acid Polymerases and Their Application in Xenobiology

Wang, G., Du, Y., Ma, X., Ye, F., Qin, Y., Wang, Y., Xiang, Y., Tao, R. X., & Chen, T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232314969 · Cited by 20

Recent Advances in Biocatalytic and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Oligonucleotides

Bizat, P. N., Sabat, N., & Hollenstein, M. (2025) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.202400987 · Cited by 20

How to Homologate Your Sugar: Synthetic Approaches to Septanosyl Containing Carbohydrates

Vannam, R., & Peczuh, M. W. (2016) · European Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ejoc.201600052 · Cited by 19

Enzymatic Synthesis of 7′,5′‐Bicyclo‐DNA Oligonucleotides

Diafa, S., Evéquoz, D., Leumann, C. J., & Hollenstein, M. (2017) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.201700374 · Cited by 20

Activation of Innate Immune Responses by a CpG Oligonucleotide Sequence Composed Entirely of Threose Nucleic Acid

Lange, M. J., Burke, D. H., & Chaput, J. C. (2018) · Nucleic Acid Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/nat.2018.0751 · Cited by 19

High Enrichment of Nucleobase-modified Aptamers in Early Selection Rounds by Microbeads-assisted Capillary Electrophoresis SELEX

Wakui, K., Abe, A., Yoshitomi, T., Furusho, H., & Yoshimoto, K. (2019) · Analytical Sciences · doi:10.2116/analsci.18sdn04 · Cited by 19

Selective Prebiotic Synthesis of α‐Threofuranosyl Cytidine by Photochemical Anomerization

Colville, B. W. F., & Powner, M. W. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202101376 · Cited by 19

Application of Nucleic Acid Frameworks in the Construction of Nanostructures and Cascade Biocatalysts: Recent Progress and Perspective

Zhu, G., Song, P., Wu, J., Luo, M., Chen, Z., & Chen, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.792489 · Cited by 20

Dissecting the chemical interactions and substrate structural signatures governing RNA polymerase II trigger loop closure by synthetic nucleic acid analogues

Xu, L., Butler, K. V., Chong, J. P. C., Wengel, J., Kool, E. T., & Wang, D. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku238 · Cited by 19

Ferrocenyl GNA Nucleosides: A Bridge between Organic and Organometallic Xeno‐nucleic Acids

Skiba, J., Yuan, Q., Hildebrandt, A., Lang, H., Trzybiński, D., Woźniak, K., Balogh, R. K., Gyurcsik, B., Vrček, V., & Kowalski, K. (2018) · ChemPlusChem · doi:10.1002/cplu.201700551 · Cited by 18

Efficient and Accurate Potential Energy Surfaces of Puckering in Sugar-Modified Nucleosides

Mattelaer, C., Mattelaer, H., Rihon, J., Froeyen, M., & Lescrinier, E. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00270 · Cited by 18

Integration of chemically modified nucleotides with DNA strand displacement reactions for applications in living systems

Kabza, A. M., Kundu, N., Zhong, W., & Sczepanski, J. T. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.1743 · Cited by 19

Rapid Chemical Ligation of DNA and Acyclic Threoninol Nucleic Acid (aTNA) for Effective Nonenzymatic Primer Extension

Okita, H., Kondo, S., Murayama, K., & Asanuma, H. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c04979 · Cited by 19

Highly Functional Acyclic Xeno Nucleic Acids

Murayama, K., Okita, H., & Asanuma, H. (2023) · Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan · doi:10.1246/bcsj.20230188 · Cited by 18

Chemical synthetic biology: a mini-review

Chiarabelli, C., Stano, P., & Luisi, P. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00285 · Cited by 18

Synthesis and Cytostatic and Antiviral Activities of 2′‐Deoxy‐2′,2′‐difluororibo‐ and 2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐fluororibonucleosides Derived from 7‐(Het)aryl‐7‐deazaadenines

Perlíková, P., Eberlin, L., Ménová, P., Sýkorová, V., Slavětínská, L. P., Tloušťová, E., Bahador, G., Lee, Y., & Hocek, M. (2013) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.201300047 · Cited by 18

Can Life Emerge from Synthetic Polymers?

Lutz, J. (2019) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201900110 · Cited by 20

High-efficiency enrichment enables identification of aptamers to circulating Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes

Oteng, E. K., Gu, W., & McKeague, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66537-1 · Cited by 21

Development of Host‐Orthogonal Genetic Systems for Synthetic Biology

Zhang, Y., Ding, W., Wang, Z., Zhao, H., & Shi, S. (2021) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202000252 · Cited by 17

Introduction to virus origins and their role in biological evolution

Domingo, E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816331-3.00001-5 · Cited by 21

Chemical Evolution of Double Covalent Aptamers for Sustained Protein Degradation and Improved Cytotoxicity in NK-Cell-Mediated Tumor Therapy

Zhang, Z., Qian, H., Xu, R., Duan, Q., Wang, Y., Fu, T., Wu, X., Sha, C., Wu, Q., Wang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c11823 · Cited by 17

DNA polymerase activity on synthetic N3′→P5′ phosphoramidate DNA templates

Lelyveld, V. S., O’Flaherty, D. K., Zhou, L., Izgü, E. Ç., & Szostak, J. W. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz707 · Cited by 16

Probing Ambiguous Base‐Pairs by Genetic Transformation with XNA Templates

Pezo, V., Schepers, G., Lambertucci, C., Marlière, P., & Herdewijn, P. A. (2014) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201402226 · Cited by 17

227 Views of RNA: Is RNA Unique in Its Chemical Isomer Space?

Cleaves, H. J., Meringer, M., & Goodwin, J. T. (2015) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1213 · Cited by 17

Enantiomeric Selection Properties of β‐homoDNA: Enhanced Pairing for Heterochiral Complexes

D’Alonzo, D., Amato, J., Schepers, G., Froeyen, M., Aerschot, A. A. V., Herdewijn, P. A., & Guaragna, A. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201301659 · Cited by 17

Systematic study of constraints imposed by modified nucleoside triphosphates with protein-like side chains for use in in vitro selection

Wang, Y., Ng, N., Liu, E., Lam, C. H., & Perrin, D. M. (2016) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c6ob02335e · Cited by 17

Thermostability Trends of TNA:DNA Duplexes Reveal Strong Purine Dependence

Lackey, H. H., Peterson, E. M., Chen, Z., Harris, J. M., & Heemstra, J. M. (2019) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.9b00028 · Cited by 17

Sequence-controlled and sequence-defined polypeptoids via the Ugi reaction: synthesis and sequence-driven properties

Zhu, Y., & Tao, Y. (2021) · Polymer Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1py00658d · Cited by 17

Non-Canonical Helical Structure of Nucleic Acids Containing Base-Modified Nucleotides

Balasubramaniyam, T., Oh, K., Jin, H.-S., Ahn, H.-B., Kim, B.-S., & Lee, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179552 · Cited by 18

Nucleoside Analogues with a Seven-Membered Sugar Ring: Synthesis and Structural Compatibility in DNA–RNA Hybrids

Jana, S. K., Harikrishna, S., Sudhakar, S., El-Khoury, R., Pradeepkumar, P. I., & Damha, M. J. (2022) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.1c02254 · Cited by 17

Synthesis of Threose Nucleic Acid (TNA) Triphosphates and Oligonucleotides by Polymerase‐Mediated Primer Extension

Zhang, S., Yu, H., & Chaput, J. C. (2013) · Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry · doi:10.1002/0471142700.nc0454s52 · Cited by 17

Artificial Specific Binders Directly Recovered from Chemically Modified Nucleic Acid Libraries

Kasahara, Y., & Kuwahara, M. (2012) · Journal of Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1155/2012/156482 · Cited by 17

1′,5′-Anhydro- l -ribo-hexitol Adenine Nucleic Acids (α- l -HNA-A): Synthesis and Chiral Selection Properties in the Mirror Image World

D’Alonzo, D., Froeyen, M., Schepers, G., Fabio, G. D., Aerschot, A. A. V., Herdewijn, P. A., Palumbo, G., & Guaragna, A. (2015) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.5b00406 · Cited by 17

Xeno Nucleic Acids as Functional Materials: From Biophysical Properties to Application

Bian, T., Pei, Y., Gao, S., Zhou, S., Sun, X., Dong, M., & Song, J. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202401207 · Cited by 17

Aptamer Engineering: Strategies for Discovering Functional Nucleic Acids for Next‐Generation Diagnostics and Biosensing

Nguyen, J. V. L., Meziadi, A., Brunner, C., McKeague, M., Malic, L., & Tabrizian, M. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202516852 · Cited by 17

Bio-objects as “boundary crawlers:” the case of microRNAs

Chrupek, M., Siipi, H., & Martinelli, L. (2012) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2012.53.285 · Cited by 16

Macromolecular Information Transfer

Samokhvalova, S., & Lutz, J. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202300014 · Cited by 18

Ionic liquid-caged nucleic acids enable active folding-based molecular recognition with hydrolysis resistance

Kang, B., Park, S. V., & Oh, S. S. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad1093 · Cited by 18

Template-independent synthesis and 3′-end labelling of 2′-modified oligonucleotides with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases

Sun, L., Xiang, Y., Du, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, J., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, G., & Chen, T. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae691 · Cited by 16

Hazards, Risks, and Low Hazard Development Paths of Synthetic Biology

Giese, B., & von Gleich, A. (2014) · Risk engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02783-8_9 · Cited by 16

Site‐Specific Functional Labeling of Nucleic Acids by In Vitro Replication and Transcription using Unnatural Base Pair Systems

Kimoto, M., Hikida, Y., & Hirao, I. (2013) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201300013 · Cited by 16

Generation of Synthetic Copolymer Libraries by Combinatorial Assembly on Nucleic Acid Templates

Kong, D., Yeung, W., & Hili, R. (2016) · ACS Combinatorial Science · doi:10.1021/acscombsci.6b00059 · Cited by 19

Nonenzymatic Oligomerization of 3′,5′‐Cyclic CMP Induced by Proton and UV Irradiation Hints at a Nonfastidious Origin of RNA

Costanzo, G., Giorgi, A., Scipioni, A., Timperio, A. M., Mancone, C., Tripodi, M., Kapralov, M. I., Krasavin, E. A., Kruse, H., Šponer, J., et al. (2017) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201700122 · Cited by 17

Statistical Coupling Analysis-Guided Library Design for the Discovery of Mutant Luciferases

Liu, M. D., Warner, E. A., Morrissey, C. E., Fick, C. W., Wu, T., Ornelas, M. Y., Ochoa, G. V., Zhang, B. S., Rathbun, C. M., Porterfield, W., et al. (2017) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01014 · Cited by 16

Base‐Pairing Properties of Double‐Headed Nucleotides

Hornum, M., Stendevad, J., Sharma, P. K., Kumar, P., Nielsen, R. B., Petersen, M. Å., & Nielsen, P. (2019) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201901077 · Cited by 16

Optical biosensing of lysozyme

Banciu, R. M., Numan, N., & Vasilescu, A. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131639 · Cited by 16

Cycloadditions for Studying Nucleic Acids

Kath‐Schorr, S. (2015) · Topics in Current Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s41061-015-0004-0 · Cited by 16

A one-pot synthesis of α-l-threofuranosyl nucleoside triphosphates (tNTPs)

Sau, S. P., & Chaput, J. C. (2016) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.057 · Cited by 16

On the Enzymatic Formation of Metal Base Pairs with Thiolated and p K a ‐Perturbed Nucleotides

Lévi-Acobas, F., Röthlisberger, P., Sarac, I., Marlière, P., Herdewijn, P. A., & Hollenstein, M. (2019) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201900399 · Cited by 16

Compatibility of 5-ethynyl-2′F-ANA UTP with in vitro selection for the generation of base-modified, nuclease resistant aptamers

Lévi-Acobas, F., Katolik, A., Röthlisberger, P., Cokelaer, T., Sarac, I., Damha, M. J., Leumann, C. J., & Hollenstein, M. (2019) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c9ob01515a · Cited by 16

Evaluating the Catalytic Potential of a General RNA‐Cleaving FANA Enzyme

Wang, Y., Vorperian, A., Shehabat, M., & Chaput, J. C. (2019) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201900596 · Cited by 16

DNA-Programmed Chemical Synthesis of Polymers and Inorganic Nanomaterials

Xu, X., Winterwerber, P., Ng, D. Y. W., & Wu, Y. (2020) · Topics in Current Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s41061-020-0292-x · Cited by 16

Binary Genetic Cassettes for Selecting XNA‐Templated DNA Synthesis In Vivo

Pezo, V., Liu, F. W., Abramov, M., Froeyen, M., Herdewijn, P. A., & Marlière, P. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201303288 · Cited by 16

Metabolic engineering of Lactobacilli spp. for disease treatment

Yang, Y.-P., Yu, P., Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Nie, Y., & Gao, C. (2025) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-025-02682-4 · Cited by 15

SOMAmer reagents and the SomaScan platform: Chemically modified aptamers and their applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, and proteomics

Schneider, D. J., Lynch, S. A., Gelinas, A. D., Ostroff, R. M., Rohloff, J. C., Williams, P., Janjić, N., & Drolet, D. W. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821595-1.00007-5 · Cited by 14

Characterization of an HNA aptamer suggests a non-canonical G-quadruplex motif

Schofield, P., Taylor, A. I., Rihon, J., Martinez, C. D. P., Zinn, S., Mattelaer, C., Jackson, J., Dhaliwal, G., Schepers, G., Herdewijn, P. A., et al. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad592 · Cited by 15

Increasing the functional density of threose nucleic acid

Majumdar, B., Sarma, D., Yu, Y., Lozoya‐Colinas, A., & Chaput, J. C. (2023) · RSC Chemical Biology · doi:10.1039/d3cb00159h · Cited by 15

Are we doing synthetic biology?

Porcar, M., & Peretó, J. G. (2012) · Systems and Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1007/s11693-012-9101-3 · Cited by 15

Towards High-Efficiency Synthesis of Xenonucleic Acids

Fairbanks, B. D., Culver, H. R., Mavila, S., & Bowman, C. N. (2019) · Trends in Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trechm.2019.06.004 · Cited by 19

Design, synthesis and properties of artificial nucleic acids from (R)-4-amino-butane-1,3-diol

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Origin of Life and the Phosphate Transfer Catalyst

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Bacterial Cell Display as a Robust and Versatile Platform for Engineering Low‐Affinity Ligands and Enzymes

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Aptamers for mycotoxin recognition in food: Recent advances and future considerations

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Evolution at the Origins of Life?

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DNA Aptamers are Functional Molecular Recognition Sensors in Protic Ionic Liquids

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Engineered Protein Machines: Emergent Tools for Synthetic Biology

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Genetic circuitry for personalized human cell therapy

Tölle, F., Stücheli, P., & Fussenegger, M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2019.02.003 · Cited by 15

The Quest for Xenobiotic Enzymes: From New Enzymes for Chemistry to a Novel Chemistry of Life

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Extending the Concepts of Heredity and Evolution to Artificial Genetic Polymers

Chaput, J. C. (2018) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.055

Redesigning the Genetic Polymers of Life

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The structural diversity of artificial genetic polymers

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Beyond DNA and RNA: The Expanding Toolbox of Synthetic GeneticsPreprint

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Towards XNA nanotechnology: new materials from synthetic genetic polymers

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