Cited by 656Astro and Planetary SciencePlanetary Science and ExplorationHistory and Developments in Astronomy

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Forming a Moon with an Earth-like Composition via a Giant Impact

Open access

Canup, Robin M.·2012·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1226073PMC PMC6476314

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Forming the Moon from Earth It is thought that the Moon formed after a Mars-sized planet hit Earth about 4.5 billion years ago. Computer simulations of this event predict that the Moon was produced primarily from material from the impacting planet. However, the Moon has a similar composition to that of Earth, and the impacting planet would likely have had a different composition. Prior models assumed that the impact left the Earth-Moon system with the same angular momentum as it has today (see the Perspective by Halliday ). Ćuk and Stewart (p. 1047 , published online 17 October; see the cover) show that the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system could have decreased by half after the Moon-forming impact, opening the door to new impact models. For example, simulations suggest that high-velocity impacts onto a fast-spinning early Earth can lead to a Moon formed primarily from Earth's mantle. Canup (p. 1052 , published online 17 October) considered instead lower-velocity impacts by planets comparable in mass to the proto-Earth, which could generate a Moon and an Earth with similar compositions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.1226073

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation
Canup, R. M., & Asphaug, E. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35089010 · Cited by 1,094
Making the Moon from a Fast-Spinning Earth: A Giant Impact Followed by Resonant Despinning
Ćuk, M., & Stewart, S. T. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225542 · Cited by 680
Simulations of a late lunar-forming impact
Canup, R. M. (2004) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.028 · Cited by 669
The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis III
Benz, W., Cameron, A. G. W., & Melosh, H. J. (1989) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90129-2 · Cited by 645
Early solar system timescales according to 53Mn-53Cr systematics
Lugmair, G. W., & Shukolyukov, A. (1998) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(98)00189-6 · Cited by 583
Origin of Nucleosynthetic Isotope Heterogeneity in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk
Trinquier, A., Elliott, T. R., Ulfbeck, D., Coath, C. D., Krot, A. N., & Bizzarro, M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1168221 · Cited by 570
Making More Terrestrial Planets
Chambers, J. (2001) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6639 · Cited by 557
Terrestrial planet formation with strong dynamical friction
OBRIEN, D., MORBIDELLI, A., & LEVISON, H. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.005 · Cited by 467
Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals
Touboul, M., Kleine, T., Bourdon, B., Palme, H., & Wieler, R. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06428 · Cited by 466
Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon-Forming Giant Impact
Wiechert, U., Halliday, A. N., Lee, D., Snyder, G. A., Taylor, L. A., & Rumble, D., III (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063037 · Cited by 459

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

J. A. Wood in Origin of the Moon W. K. Hartmann R. J. Phillips G. J. Taylor Eds. (LPI Houston 1984) pp. 17–55.

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 654

Boundary conditions for the formation of the Moon
Reuver, M., de Meijer, R. J., ten Kate, I. L., & van Westrenen, W. (2015) · Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw · doi:10.1017/njg.2015.24 · Cited by 5
Endogenous Dynamics of Multi-Agent FirmsPreprint
Axtell, R. L. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2827059 · Cited by 5
The Earth’s magma ocean: Processes and current interpretations from an interdisciplinary perspective
Boukaré, C., Schaefer, L., & Rizo, H. (2025) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2025.107463 · Cited by 5
The Effects of Non-ideal Mixing in Planetary Magma Oceans and Atmospheres
Werlen, A., Young, E., Schlichting, H. E., Dorn, C., & Shahar, A. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae434d · Cited by 4
Combined X-ray diffraction tomography imaging of tension and opposite wood tissues in young hybrid aspen saplings
Viljanen, M., Help, H., Suhonen, H., & Svedström, K. (2023) · Wood Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00226-023-01477-3 · Cited by 4
Impact Dynamics of Moons Within a Planetary Potential
Rufu, R., & Aharonson, O. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2018je005798 · Cited by 4
Compositional variations in Ohm ray crater on the farside of the Moon: Implications for mafic anomaly
Patel, S., Satyakumar, A. V., El-Maarry, M. R., & Solanki, P. M. (2023) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2023.105674 · Cited by 4
Exploration of the Moon by Automatic Spacecraft
Marov, M. Y. (2023) · Cosmic Research · doi:10.1134/s0010952523010045 · Cited by 4
Proof of Principle of the Lunar Soil Volatile Measuring Instrument on Chang’ e-7: In Situ N Isotopic Analysis of Lunar Soil
He, Y., He, H., Liu, Z., Su, F., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Li, R., Huang, X., Zhang, X., Lu, C., et al. (2024) · Aerospace · doi:10.3390/aerospace11020114 · Cited by 4
Growth of the Moon Due To Bodies Ejected from the Earth
Ipatov, S. I. (2024) · Solar System Research · doi:10.1134/s0038094624010040 · Cited by 4
Pebble accretion and siderophile element partitioning between Earth's mantle and core
Olson, P. L., Sharp, Z. D., & Garai, S. (2024) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2024.107295 · Cited by 4
Hydrodynamical simulations of proto-Moon degassing
Madeira, G., Esteves, L., Charnoz, S., Lega, E., & Moynier, F. (2024) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2024.119163 · Cited by 4
Tidal dissipation within Earth’s solidifying magma ocean: I. Effects of inertia and lunar orbital eccentricity
Korenaga, J. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116756 · Cited by 4
The Chondritic Moon: a solution to the 142Nd conundrum and implications for terrestrial mantle evolution
Dickin, A. P. (2016) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s0016756815000990 · Cited by 4
Secular cooling, differentiation and tectonic regimes of the Hadean Earth from a comparative planetological perspective
Liu, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-0176 · Cited by 5
Biblical Perspectives as a Guide to Research on Life’s Origin and History
Ross, H. N. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14040547 · Cited by 3
Fluorine abundance of the lunar magma ocean constrained by experimentally determined mineral-melt F partitioning
Jing, J.-J., Berndt, J., Klemme, S., & van Westrenen, W. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.11.011 · Cited by 4
Catalytic Production of Biodiesel via Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification
Chen, J., Meng, Y., Huang, J., & Li, H. (2024) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815196740124060015 · Cited by 4
The Moon and the early Earth
Crawford, I. (2013) · Astronomy & Geophysics · doi:10.1093/astrogeo/ats039 · Cited by 4
The third isotope of the third element on the third planet
Rumble, D., III (2017) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am-2018-6137 · Cited by 4
Planetary Interior-Atmosphere Interaction and Habitability
Sleep, N. H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_75 · Cited by 4
Creating an isotopically similar Earth–Moon system with correct angular momentum from a giant impact
Wyatt, B., Petz, J. M., Sumpter, W. J., Turner, T. R., Smith, E. L., Fain, B. G., Hutyra, T. J., Cook, S., Gresham, J., Hibbs, M. F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s12036-018-9515-8 · Cited by 4
Constraints on early Earth's water budget from the evolution of the lunar hydrogen cycle
Lin, Y., & van Westrenen, W. (2020) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103393 · Cited by 4
Evolution of Planetary Interiors
Tosi, N., Breuer, D., & Spohn, T. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415845-0.00009-8 · Cited by 4
The origin of the Moon
Stevenson, D. J., & Halliday, A. N. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0289 · Cited by 3
Calibration of the α-decay half-life of 146Sm for the chronology of early solar system
Wu, Y., Li, R., & Xu, C. (2025) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2025.140113 · Cited by 3
Water-induced mantle overturn explains high Archean paleointensities
Wang, D., & Wu, Z. (2025) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaf578 · Cited by 3
Low-spin ferric iron in primordial bridgmanite crystallized from a deep magma ocean
Okuda, Y., Ohta, K., Nishihara, Y., Hirao, N., Wakamatsu, T., Suehiro, S., Kawaguchi, S. I., & Ohishi, Y. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98991-w · Cited by 3
Planetary Interior-Atmosphere Interaction and Habitability
Sleep, N. H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_75-1 · Cited by 2
Impact Generation of Holes in the Early Lunar Crust: Scaling Relations
Jackson, A. P., Perera, V., & Gabriel, T. S. J. (2023) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2022je007498 · Cited by 3
Accretion and Core Formation of Earth-like Planets: Insights from Metal–Silicate Partitioning of Siderophile and Volatile Elements
Loroch, D., Hackler, S., Rohrbach, A., Berndt, J., & Klemme, S. (2024) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences14110281 · Cited by 2
Detecting and Characterizing Exomoons and Exorings
Teachey, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_211-1 · Cited by 4
Do self-gravitating hard-sphere disk simulations form Darwin ellipsoids?
Madeira, G., Esteves, L., & Pinheiro, T. F. L. L. (2025) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01985-2 · Cited by 2
On the formation of satellites in dense solid-particle disks
Madeira, G., Esteves, L., Pinheiro, T. F. L. L., Soares, P. V. S., Santos, N. S., & Morgado, B. (2025) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2025.106168 · Cited by 3
WITHDRAWN: The terrestrial magma ocean hypothesis
Solomatov, V. S. (2015) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.07.018 · Cited by 3
Surface gravity and crater diameter as proxies of extra-terrestrial impact
Kundu, B., Senapati, B., & Santosh, M. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.05.005 · Cited by 3
A thermophysical and dynamical study of the Hildas, (1162) Larissa, and (1911) Schubart
Chavez, C. F., Muller, T. G., Marshall, J. P., Horner, J., Drass, H., & Carter, B. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab251 · Cited by 5
Forming equal-mass planetary binaries via pebble accretion
Konijn, T. J., Visser, R. G., Dominik, C., & Ormel, C. W. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245176 · Cited by 3
A sub-Neptune transiting the young field star HD 18599 at 40 pc
de Leon, J. P., Livingston, J. H., Jenkins, J. S., Vines, J. I., Wittenmyer, R. A., Clark, J., Winn, J. N., Addison, B., Ballard, S. A., Bayliss, D., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad894 · Cited by 3
The geochemical concept of a “Primitive Mantle”
Stracke, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00057-7 · Cited by 3
The evolutionary divergence of Mars, Venus, and Earth
Hamano, K., Gillmann, C., Golabek, G., Lourenço, D. L., & Westall, F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00104-2 · Cited by 6
Dynamical origin of Theia, the last giant impactor on Earth
Branco, D., Machado, P., & Raymond, S. N. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116724 · Cited by 3
Tidal dissipation within Earth’s solidifying magma ocean: III. Effects of matrix compaction
Korenaga, J. (2025) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2025.116759 · Cited by 4
Lead isotopic evidence for an old and rapid lunar magma ocean
Zhang, Y. M., Sheng, S., Wang, S., Li, Q., Hua, J.-X., Li, S., & Li, X. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu5111 · Cited by 3
Application of Radiogenic Isotopes in Geosciences: Overview and Perspectives
Tessalina, S. G., Jourdan, F., Nunes, L., Kennedy, A., Denyszyn, S. W., Puchtel, I. S., Touboul, M., Creaser, R. A., Boyet, M., Belousova, E. A., et al. (2014) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781782625025-00049 · Cited by 2
Geochemical Features of the Moon and Earth Predetermined by the Mechanism of Formation of the Earth–Moon System (Report at the 81st International Meteorite Conference, Moscow, July 2018)
Галимов, Э. М. (2019) · Geochemistry International · doi:10.1134/s0016702919080044 · Cited by 3
Lunar-Forming Giant Impact Model Utilizing Modern Graphics Processing Units
Eiland, J. C., Salzillo, T. C., Hokr, B. H., Highland, J. L., Mayfield, W. D., & Wyatt, B. (2014) · Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s12036-014-9306-9 · Cited by 3
Major element composition of an Early Enriched Reservoir: constraints from 142Nd/144Nd isotope systematics in the early Earth and high-pressure melting experiments of a primitive peridotite
Kondo, N., Yoshino, T., Matsukage, K. N., & Kogiso, T. (2016) · Progress in Earth and Planetary Science · doi:10.1186/s40645-016-0099-0 · Cited by 3
Water on the Moon
Pendleton, Y. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921316005652 · Cited by 3
The history of the core dynamos of Mars and the Moon inferred from their crustal magnetization: a brief review
Arkani-Hamed, J. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0068 · Cited by 3
The Moon: A personal recollection and memorial for Professor Lawrence A. Taylor, an Apollo stalwart
Taylor, S. R. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.034 · Cited by 3
Asteroids and Life: How Special Is the Solar System?
Martin, R. G., & Livio, M. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac511c · Cited by 2
A Collision Mechanism for the Removal of Earth's Trojan Asteroids
Napier, K. J., Markwardt, L., Adams, F. C., Gerdes, D. W., & Lin, H. W. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac6958 · Cited by 3
Planetary Impacts: Friend or Foe?
Black, B. A., & Bermingham, K. R. (2025) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074251399212 · Cited by 2
Hydrodynamic volatile escape and moderately volatile isotope fractionation in giant impact ejecta
Hull, S. D., Nakajima, M., Canup, R. M., Vischer, C., & Sossi, P. A. (2026) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2026.116940 · Cited by 2
Shallow Crustal Structure of the Lunar Farside From High‐Resolution GRAIL Gravity
Qin, Y., Gong, S., & Liao, X. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2025je009138 · Cited by 2
Reactive formation of magnesiowüstite at the lunar core-mantle boundary
Xu, Q., Gao, S., van Westrenen, W., Gréaux, S., Kono, Y., Wu, P., Xu, Y., Shang, S., Xiang, H., Kakizawa, S., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71701-8 · Cited by 2
Liquid Silicate Equation of State: Using Shock Waves to Understand the Properties of the Deep Earth
Thomas, C. W. (2013) · doi:10.7907/8jty-mq03 · Cited by 2
Meteorite Classification and Taxonomy
Rubin, A. E., & Ma, C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108613767.007 · Cited by 2
The initial lunar mantle structure constrained by thermodynamic simulation
Ju, D., RunLian, P., Rui, L., & Du, W. (2022) · Acta Petrologica Sinica · doi:10.18654/1000-0569/2022.04.05 · Cited by 2
Geological timeline of significant events on Earth
Joseph, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95717-5.00020-7 · Cited by 3
Experimental determination of Si, Mg, and Ca isotope fractionation during enstatite melt evaporation
Lu, W., Weber, R. J., Zhang, Z., & Li, Y. (2023) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am-2023-9111 · Cited by 2
Large impacts and their contribution to the water budget of the Early Moon
Engels, T., Monteux, J., Boyet, M., & Bouhifd, M. A. (2024) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116124 · Cited by 2
The moon-forming impact as a constraint for the inner Solar system’s formation
Fang, T., Bi, R., Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Reinhardt, C., & Deng, H. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slae109 · Cited by 2
Bulk silicate Earth-like 142Nd and 182W mantle component sampled by 2.0 Ga Onega Basin picrites, Fennoscandia
Puchtel, I. S., Hellmann, J. L., Rizo, H., Janne Blichert-toft, B., Stepanova, A. V., Самсонов, А. В., & Walker, R. J. (2025) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2025.01.013 · Cited by 2
Time of proto-Earth reservoir formation and volatile element depletion from 53 Mn- 53 Cr chronometry
Kruttasch, P. M., & Mezger, K. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw1280 · Cited by 2
An incredible likeness of being
Canup, R. M. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/520169a · Cited by 2
Punch combo or knock-out blow?
Collins, G. S. (2017) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2880 · Cited by 2
Features of the geochemistry of the Moon and the Earth, determined by the mechanism of formation of the Earth – Moon system (report at the 81st international meteorite conference, Moscow, july 2018)
Галимов, Э. М. (2019) · Геохимия · doi:10.31857/s0016-7525648762-776 · Cited by 2
Problem of Iron Isotope Composition of the Earth and Moon. Data on δ57Fe of Luna 16, Luna 20, and Luna 24 Lunar Soil Samples (Report on the XXII Symposium on the Geochemistry of Stable Isotopes, Moscow, October 29–31, 2019)
Галимов, Э. М., Okabayashi, S., Yokoyama, T., Hirata, T., & Terakado, K. (2020) · Geochemistry International · doi:10.1134/s0016702920110063 · Cited by 2
Water in the Earth’s Interior: Distribution and Origin
Peslier, A. H., Schönbächler, M., Busemann, H., & Karato, S. (2017) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1628-2_4 · Cited by 3
Origin, Geography, and Geology of the Moon
Kramer, G. Y. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05323-9_52-1 · Cited by 2
Theory of the Origin of Terrestrial and Lunar Ores
Safronov, A. N. (2023) · International Journal of Geosciences · doi:10.4236/ijg.2023.146030 · Cited by 2
Determination of 58Fe/54Fe isotope ratios in Chang’E-5 lunar regolith by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Yao, Y., Xiao, C., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Li, T., Guo, B., & Chen, D. (2024) · Nuclear Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.nucana.2024.100102 · Cited by 2
Origin of the Earth
Kleine, T., & Nimmo, F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00136-4 · Cited by 2
Probabilities of collisions of bodies ejected from forming Earth with the terrestrial planets
Ipatov, S. I. (2024) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116341 · Cited by 5
Exploration of the Moon by Automatic Spacecraft
Marov, M. Y. (2023) · Cosmic Research · doi:10.31857/s0023420623010041 · Cited by 1
Impact of rotation on synthetic mass–radius relationships of two-layer rocky planets and water worlds
Huré, J.-M., Noé, P., Staelen, C., & Folco, E. D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554116 · Cited by 1
The possibility of a giant impact on Venus
Bussmann, M., Reinhardt, C., Gillmann, C., Meier, T., Stadel, J., Tackley, P. J., & Helled, R. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555802 · Cited by 2
Lunar refractory element evidence challenges the canonical giant-impact hypothesis
Fu, H., & Jacobsen, S. B. (2025) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119697 · Cited by 1
Final differentiation of the lunar magma ocean: genesis of KREEP and the limited role of silicate liquid immiscibility
Ofierska, W., Schmidt, M. W., Liebske, C., & Sossi, P. A. (2025) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119691 · Cited by 1
Survival of Asteroid-sized Debris from the Moon-forming Impactor in Earth’s Deep Mantle with Implications for Its Solar System Provenance
Yuan, Q. (2025) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ae1cbf · Cited by 1
Non-traditional stable isotope measurements using laser desorption Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Implications for planetary missions
Ray, S., Raith, M. C., Torrano, Z. A., Andrews, L. T., Arévalo, R., Southard, A. E., Danell, R. M., Thirkell, L., Colin, F., & Briois, C. C. (2026) · International Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2026.117580 · Cited by 1
Reprocessing of lunar crust at ∼4.3 Ga inferred from in situ U-Pb isotopic and trace element investigation of Northwest Africa 11479
Chen, J., Li, S., Liao, S., Chen, J., Nemchin, A. A., Joy, K. H., Che, X., Hsu, W., & Zhu, M.-H. (2026) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2026.01.007 · Cited by 1
Trace Element and Isotopic Evolution of the Lunar Interior During Magma Ocean Solidification, Cumulate Overturn, and Subsequent Melting: Insights Into Lunar Melt Sources
Scholpp, J., & Dygert, N. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2024je008865 · Cited by 1
A tungsten-182 and trace element perspective on the origin of the FOcal ZOne (FOZO) component
Finlayson, V. A., Walker, R. J., Bermingham, K. R., Day, J. M. D., & Schilling, M. E. (2026) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2026.01.052 · Cited by 1
Insights into the petrogenesis of lunar basaltic breccia Dominion Range (DOM) 18543
Schweitzer, A., McLeod, C. L., Gawronska, A. J., Sedaghat, A., Lytle, M. L., Shaulis, B., & Loocke, M. (2026) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/gslspecpub2025-65 · Cited by 1
Two-stage formation of the Moon from accreting fragmentation and resonance captures
Couturier, J., Quillen, A. C., & Nakajima, M. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202558833 · Cited by 1
A validated low-to-intermediate mass planetary interior structure model and new mass–radius relations
Skinner, B. N., Pudritz, R. E., & Cloutier, R. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1076 · Cited by 1
Mineral Chemistry of Highly Magnesian Olivine and Enstatite in Chang'e‐6 Lunar Soil: Implications for the Search for Lunar Mantle Material
Zhang, A., Du, T. R., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z. J., Zhou, Q., & Wang, R. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2026je009945 · Cited by 1
Study Chaotic Behavior of a 3 Body Systems: Simple Application to Earth-Sun-Moon like System
Nguyet, N. T. T., Van, T. T. T., Thanh, N. V., & Viet, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/537/1/012012 · Cited by 1
Isótopos: los gemelos gordos de los elementos químicos
de Bristol, U., Murguía‐Flores, F., Tortarolo, G. N. M., & Cátedra CONACyT, U. N. A. D. M. (. (2018) · Revista Digital Universitaria · doi:10.22201/codeic.16076079e.2018.v19n5.a5 · Cited by 1
The Earth–Moon late-accretion conundrum
Gleißner, P. (2019) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0445-0 · Cited by 1
The Creation of Moon: Comparative Analysis between Modern Sciences and Religious Studies
Basit, Q. A., Rashid, H. A., Zahid, A. B., & Ayub, M. (2021) · Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization · doi:10.32350/jitc.112.18 · Cited by 1
Advances in experimental petrology study on the evolution of the lunar magma ocean
Rui, L., JianZhong, L., RunLian, P., Zhu, D., Ju, D., & Du, W. (2022) · Acta Petrologica Sinica · doi:10.18654/1000-0569/2022.04.06 · Cited by 1
An overview of the connection between Earth’s climate evolution and mass extinction events
Montero-Martínez, M. J., & Andrade‐Velázquez, M. (2023) · Earth Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.15446/esrj.v26n4.103152 · Cited by 1
Unlocking the Moon's Secrets
Powell, J. L. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197694862.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Igneous processes in the small bodies of the Solar System II: Small satellites and dwarf planets
Leone, G., & TANAKA, H. K. M. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109613 · Cited by 1
Migration of Celestial Bodies in the Solar System and in Some Exoplanetary Systems
Ipatov, S. I. (2024) · Solar System Research · doi:10.1134/s0038094623600105 · Cited by 2
Regimes of Element Transfer Between Earth's Core and Basal Magma Ocean
Zhang, Z., Luo, H., Hao, M., & Deng, J. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2025jb031357 · Cited by 1

Authors: Canup, R. M.
Affiliations: Southwest Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Canup, Robin M.
ORCID: Canup, Robin M.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2012-11-23
Volume: 338
Issue: 6110
Pages: 1052-1055
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1226073
PMC: PMC6476314
OpenAlex: W2156821519
Cited by: 656
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 22.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AJ66G)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › History and Developments in Astronomy
Keywords: Moon formation, giant impacts, Earth-Moon system, angular momentum, impact velocity, Earth's mantle, Moon composition, impact simulation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Forming a Moon with an Earth-like Composition via a Giant Impact

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks