CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,583Wheat and Barley Genetics and PathologyChromosomal and Genetic VariationsGenetic and Environmental Crop Studies

A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) genome

Open access
The International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), Mayer, Klaus F. X., Rogers, Jane, Doležel, Jaroslav, Pozniak, Curtis, Eversole, Kellye, Feuillet, Catherine, Gill, Bikram +89 more·2014·Science
DOI 10.1126/science.1251788
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

An ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. We have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. Comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. However, across the genomes there was evidence of dynamic gene gain, loss, and duplication since the divergence of the wheat lineages. A high degree of transcriptional autonomy and no global dominance was found for the subgenomes. These insights into the genome biology of a polyploid crop provide a springboard for faster gene isolation, rapid genetic marker development, and precise breeding to meet the needs of increasing food demand worldwide.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.1251788

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Species of snapping shrimp that are more social tend to have larger genomes with more transposable elements; a phylogenetic path analysis and ancestral state reconstruction supported the hypothesis that the acquisition of more transposable elements leads to both larger genome size and higher rates of sociality.

    “For example, species of snapping shrimp that are more social tend to have larger genomes with more transposable elements; a phylogenetic path analysis and ancestral state reconstruction supported the hypothesis that the acquisition of more transposable elements leads to both larger genome size and higher rates of sociality68.”

    From A phylogenetic approach to comparative genomics (2025) · cites this paper as [68]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 83

  1. D. B. Lobell, W. Schlenker, J. Costa-Roberts, Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science 333, 616-620 (2011). doi: 10.1126/science.1204531; pmid: 21551030 · DOI
  2. D. Tilman, K. G. Cassman, P. A. Matson, R. Naylor, S. Polasky, Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418, 671-677 (2002). doi: 10.1038/nature01014; pmid: 12167873 · DOI · Paper page
  3. J. A. Foley et al., Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478, 337-342 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nature10452; pmid: 21993620 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)/FAO, OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2013 (OECD, Paris, 2013); doi: 10.1787/agr_outlook-2013-en. · DOI
  5. origin of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39, 70-82 (2006). doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.023; pmid: 16504543 · DOI
  6. M. Nesbitt, D. Samuel, "From staple crop to extinction? The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats, " in Hulled Wheat: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats, S. Padulosi, K. Hammer, J. Heller, Eds. (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, 1995), pp. 41-102.
  7. E. Martinez-Perez, P. Shaw, G. Moore, The Ph1 locus is needed to ensure specific somatic and meiotic centromere association. Nature 411, 204-207 (2001). doi: 10.1038/35075597; pmid: 11346798 · DOI
  8. T. Eilam et al., Genome size and genome evolution in diploid Triticeae species. Genome 50, 1029-1037 (2007). doi: 10.1139/G07-083; pmid: 18059548 · DOI
  9. T. Wicker et al., Frequent gene movement and pseudogene evolution is common to the large and complex genomes of wheat, barley, and their relatives. Plant Cell 23, 1706-1718 (2011). doi: 10.1105/tpc.111.086629; pmid: 21622801 · DOI
  10. K. Mochida, T. Yoshida, T. Sakurai, Y. Ogihara, K. Shinozaki, TriFLDB: A database of clustered full-length coding sequences from Triticeae with applications to comparative grass genomics. Plant Physiol. 150, 1135-1146 (2009). doi: 10.1104/pp.109.138214; pmid: 19448038 · DOI
  11. A. N. Bernardo et al., Discovery and mapping of single feature polymorphisms in wheat using Affymetrix arrays. BMC Genomics 10, 251 (2009). doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-251; pmid: 19480702 · DOI
  12. H. Chelaifa et al., Prevalence of gene expression additivity in genetically stable wheat allohexaploids. New Phytol. 197, 730-736 (2013). doi: 10.1111/nph.12108; pmid: 23278496 · DOI
  13. T. E. Coram, M. L. Settles, M. Wang, X. Chen, Surveying expression level polymorphism and single-feature polymorphism in near-isogenic wheat lines differing for the Yr5 stripe rust resistance locus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 117, 401-411 (2008). doi: 10.1007/s00122-008-0784-5; pmid: 18470504 · DOI
  14. L. L. Qi et al., A chromosome bin map of 16,000 expressed sequence tag loci and distribution of genes among the three genomes of polyploid wheat. Genetics 168, 701-712 (2004). doi: 10.1534/genetics.104.034868; pmid: 15514046 · DOI
  15. H. Q. Ling et al., Draft genome of the wheat A-genome progenitor Triticum urartu. Nature 496, 87-90 (2013). doi: 10.1038/nature11997; pmid: 23535596 · DOI
  16. J. Jia et al., Aegilops tauschii draft genome sequence reveals a gene repertoire for wheat adaptation. Nature 496, 91-95 (2013). doi: 10.1038/nature12028; pmid: 23535592 · DOI
  17. R. Brenchley et al., Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Nature 491, 705-710 (2012). doi: 10.1038/nature11650; pmid: 23192148 · DOI
  18. A. M. Allen et al., Discovery and development of exome- based, co-dominant single nucleotide polymorphism markers in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Biotechnol. J. 11, 279-295 (2013). doi: 10.1111/pbi.12009; pmid: 23279710 · DOI
  19. K. V. Krasileva et al., Separating homeologs by phasing in the tetraploid wheat transcriptome. Genome Biol. 14, R66 (2013). doi: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-r66; pmid: 23800085 · DOI
  20. E. Sears, L. Sears, "The telocentric chromosomes of common wheat," in Proceedings 5th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, S. Ramanujam, Ed. (Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 1978) vol. 1, pp. 389-407.
  21. F. Choulet et al., A reference sequence of wheat chromosome 3B reveals structural and functional compartmentalization. Science 345, 1249721 (2014).
  22. J. Šafář et al., Development of chromosome-specific BAC resources for genomics of bread wheat. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 129, 211-223 (2010). doi: 10.1159/000313072; pmid: 20501977 · DOI
  23. J. T. Simpson et al., ABySS: A parallel assembler for short read sequence data. Genome Res. 19, 1117-1123 (2009). doi: 10.1101/gr.089532.108; pmid: 19251739 · DOI
  24. S. Kurtz, A. Narechania, J. C. Stein, D. Ware, A new method to compute K-mer frequencies and its application to annotate large repetitive plant genomes. BMC Genomics 9, 517 (2008). doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-517; pmid: 18976482 · DOI
  25. J. D. Hollister, B. S. Gaut, Epigenetic silencing of transposable elements: A trade-off between reduced transposition and deleterious effects on neighboring gene expression. Genome Res. 19, 1419-1428 (2009). doi: 10.1101/ gr.091678.109; pmid: 19478138 · DOI
  26. M. Kantar et al., Subgenomic analysis of microRNAs in polyploid wheat. Funct. Integr. Genomics 12, 465-479 (2012). doi: 10.1007/s10142-012-0285-0; pmid: 22592659 · DOI
  27. S. J. Lucas, H. Budak, Sorting the wheat from the chaff: Identifying miRNAs in genomic survey sequences of Triticum aestivum chromosome 1AL. PLOS ONE 7, e40859 (2012). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040859; pmid: 22815845 · DOI
  28. G. M. Borchert et al., Comprehensive analysis of microRNA genomic loci identifies pervasive repetitive-element origins. Mob. Genet. Elements 1, 8-17 (2011). doi: 10.4161/ mge.1.1.15766; pmid: 22016841 · DOI
  29. International Brachypodium Initiative, Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. Nature 463, 763-768 (2010). doi: 10.1038/nature08747; pmid: 20148030 · DOI
  30. International Rice Genome Sequencing Project, The map-based sequence of the rice genome. Nature 436, 793-800 (2005). doi: 10.1038/nature03895; pmid: 16100779 · DOI
  31. A. H. Paterson et al., The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses. Nature 457, 551-556 (2009). doi: 10.1038/nature07723; pmid: 19189423 · DOI
  32. F. Choulet et al., Megabase level sequencing reveals contrasted organization and evolution patterns of the wheat gene and transposable element spaces. Plant Cell 22, 1686-1701 (2010). doi: 10.1105/tpc.110.074187; pmid: 20581307 · DOI
  33. T. Lu et al., Function annotation of the rice transcriptome at single-nucleotide resolution by RNA-seq. Genome Res. 20, 1238-1249 (2010). doi: 10.1101/gr.106120.110; pmid: 20627892 · DOI
  34. Y. Okazaki et al., Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. Nature 420, 563-573 (2002). doi: 10.1038/nature01266; pmid: 12466851 · DOI
  35. Y. Marquez, J. W. Brown, C. Simpson, A. Barta, M. Kalyna, Transcriptome survey reveals increased complexity of the alternative splicing landscape in Arabidopsis. Genome Res. 22, 1184-1195 (2012). doi: 10.1101/gr.134106.111; pmid: 22391557 · DOI
  36. M. M. Martis et al., Reticulate evolution of the rye genome. Plant Cell 25, 3685-3698 (2013). doi: 10.1105/ tpc.113.114553; pmid: 24104565 · DOI
  37. P. Hernandez et al., Next-generation sequencing and syntenic integration of flow-sorted arms of wheat chromosome 4A exposes the chromosome structure and gene content. Plant J. 69, 377-386 (2012). doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-313X.2011.04808.x; pmid: 21974774 · DOI
  38. J. Ma et al., Sequence-based analysis of translocations and inversions in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLOS ONE 8, e79329 (2013). doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0079329; pmid: 24260197 · DOI
  39. J. S. Escobar et al., Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae). BMC Evol. Biol. 11, 181 (2011). doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-181; pmid: 21702931 · DOI
  40. P. Civáň, Z. Ivaničová, T. A. Brown, Reticulated origin of domesticated emmer wheat supports a dynamic model for the emergence of agriculture in the fertile crescent. PLOS ONE 8, e81955 (2013). doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0081955; pmid: 24312385 · DOI
  41. T. Marcussen et al., Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat. Science 345, 1250092 (2014).
  42. S. Griffiths et al., Molecular characterization of Ph1 as a major chromosome pairing locus in polyploid wheat. Nature 439, 749-752 (2006). doi: 10.1038/nature04434; pmid: 16467840 · DOI
  43. K. F. X. Mayer et al., Gene content and virtual gene order of barley chromosome 1H. Plant Physiol. 151, 496-505 (2009). doi: 10.1104/pp.109.142612; pmid: 19692534 · DOI
  44. G. Moore, K. M. Devos, Z. Wang, M. D. Gale, Cereal genome evolution. Grasses, line up and form a circle. Curr. Biol. 5, 737-739 (1995). doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00148-5; pmid: 7583118 · DOI
  45. M. C. Luo et al., A 4-gigabase physical map unlocks the structure and evolution of the complex genome of Aegilops tauschii, the wheat D-genome progenitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 7940-7945 (2013). doi: 10.1073/ pnas.1219082110; pmid: 23610408 · DOI
  46. M. Mascher et al., Anchoring and ordering NGS contig assemblies by population sequencing (POPSEQ). Plant J. 76, 718-727 (2013). doi: 10.1111/tpj.12319; pmid: 23998490 · DOI
  47. M. E. Sorrells et al., Reconstruction of the synthetic W7984 x Opata M85 wheat reference population. Genome 54, 875-882 (2011). doi: 10.1139/g11-054; pmid: 21999208 · DOI
  48. J. Zhang, Evolution by gene duplication: An update. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18, 292-298 (2003). doi: 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00033-8 · DOI · Paper page
  49. L. Li, C. J. Stoeckert Jr., D. S. Roos, OrthoMCL: Identification of ortholog groups for eukaryotic genomes. Genome Res. 13, 2178-2189 (2003). doi: 10.1101/gr.1224503; pmid: 12952885 · DOI · Paper page
  50. R. Koszul, S. Caburet, B. Dujon, G. Fischer, Eucaryotic genome evolution through the spontaneous duplication of large chromosomal segments. EMBO J. 23, 234-243 (2004). doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600024; pmid: 14685272 · DOI
  51. J. L. Bennetzen et al., Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria. Nat. Biotechnol. 30, 555-561 (2012). doi: 10.1038/nbt.2196; pmid: 22580951 · DOI
  52. P. S. Schnable et al., The B73 maize genome: Complexity, diversity, and dynamics. Science 326, 1112-1115 (2009). doi: 10.1126/science.1178534; pmid: 19965430 · DOI
  53. T. Tanaka et al., The Rice Annotation Project Database (RAP-DB): 2008 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D1028-D1033 (2008).pmid: 18089549
  54. H. Ozkan, A. A. Levy, M. Feldman, Allopolyploidy-induced rapid genome evolution in the wheat (Aegilops-Triticum) group. Plant Cell 13, 1735-1747 (2001). doi: 10.1105/ tpc.13.8.1735; pmid: 11487689 · DOI
  55. R. J. Buggs et al., Rapid, repeated, and clustered loss of duplicate genes in allopolyploid plant populations of independent origin. Curr. Biol. 22, 248-252 (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.027; pmid: 22264605 · DOI
  56. A. H. Paterson et al., Repeated polyploidization of Gossypium genomes and the evolution of spinnable cotton fibres. Nature 492, 423-427 (2012). doi: 10.1038/nature11798; pmid: 23257886 · DOI
  57. R. Grantham, Amino acid difference formula to help explain protein evolution. Science 185, 862-864 (1974). doi: 10.1126/science.185.4154.862; pmid: 4843792 · DOI
  58. J. Cao et al., Whole-genome sequencing of multiple Arabidopsis thaliana populations. Nat. Genet. 43, 956-963 (2011). doi: 10.1038/ng.911; pmid: 21874002 · DOI
  59. E. D. Akhunov et al., Comparative analysis of syntenic genes in grass genomes reveals accelerated rates of gene structure and coding sequence evolution in polyploid wheat. Plant Physiol. 161, 252-265 (2013). doi: 10.1104/ pp.112.205161; pmid: 23124323 · DOI
  60. J. C. Schnable, N. M. Springer, M. Freeling, Differentiation of the maize subgenomes by genome dominance and both ancient and ongoing gene loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 4069-4074 (2011). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1101368108; pmid: 21368132 · DOI
  61. R. A. Rapp, J. A. Udall, J. F. Wendel, Genomic expression dominance in allopolyploids. BMC Biol. 7, 18 (2009). doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-7-18; pmid: 19409075 · DOI
  62. B. Chaudhary et al., Reciprocal silencing, transcriptional bias and functional divergence of homeologs in polyploid cotton (Gossypium). Genetics 182, 503-517 (2009). doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.102608; pmid: 19363125 · DOI
  63. M. Pumphrey, J. Bai, D. Laudencia-Chingcuanco, O. Anderson, B. S. Gill, Nonadditive expression of homoeologous genes is established upon polyploidization in hexaploid wheat. Genetics 181, 1147-1157 (2009). doi: 10.1534/genetics.108.096941; pmid: 19104075 · DOI
  64. M. Pfeifer et al., Genome interplay in the grain transcriptome of hexaploid bread wheat. Science 345, 1250091 (2014).
  65. M. J. Yoo, E. Szadkowski, J. F. Wendel, Homoeolog expression bias and expression level dominance in allopolyploid cotton. Heredity 110, 171-180 (2013). doi: 10.1038/hdy.2012.94; pmid: 23169565 · DOI
  66. K. L. Adams, R. Cronn, R. Percifield, J. F. Wendel, Genes duplicated by polyploidy show unequal contributions to the transcriptome and organ-specific reciprocal silencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 4649-4654 (2003). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0630618100; pmid: 12665616 · DOI
  67. F. Cheng et al., Biased gene fractionation and dominant gene expression among the subgenomes of Brassica rapa. PLOS ONE 7, e36442 (2012). doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0036442; pmid: 22567157 · DOI
  68. J. Wang et al., Stochastic and epigenetic changes of gene expression in Arabidopsis polyploids. Genetics 167, 1961-1973 (2004). doi: 10.1534/genetics.104.027896; pmid: 15342533 · DOI
  69. Z. J. Chen, Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypic variation in plant polyploids. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 58, 377-406 (2007). doi: 10.1146/ annurev.arplant.58.032806.103835; pmid: 17280525 · DOI
  70. K. L. Adams, Evolution of duplicate gene expression in polyploid and hybrid plants. J. Hered. 98, 136-141 (2007). doi: 10.1093/jhered/esl061; pmid: 17208934 · DOI
  71. G. van Ooijen et al., Structure-function analysis of the NB-ARC domain of plant disease resistance proteins. J. Exp. Bot. 59, 1383-1397 (2008). doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern045; pmid: 18390848 · DOI
  72. A. Katiyar et al., Genome-wide classification and expression analysis of MYB transcription factor families in rice and 1251788-10 18 JULY 2014 • VOL 345 ISSUE 6194 sciencemag.org SCIENCE Arabidopsis. BMC Genomics 13, 544 (2012). doi: 10.1186/ 1471-2164-13-544; pmid: 23050870 · DOI
  73. L. Yan et al., Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 6263-6268 (2003). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0937399100; pmid: 12730378 · DOI
  74. A. Turner, J. Beales, S. Faure, R. P. Dunford, D. A. Laurie, The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley. Science 310, 1031-1034 (2005). doi: 10.1126/science.1117619; pmid: 16284181 · DOI
  75. A. Díaz, M. Zikhali, A. S. Turner, P. Isaac, D. A. Laurie, Copy number variation affecting the Photoperiod-B1 and Vernalization-A1 genes is associated with altered flowering time in wheat (Triticum aestivum). PLOS ONE 7, e33234 (2012). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033234; pmid: 22457747 · DOI
  76. S. O. Oyola et al., Optimizing Illumina next-generation sequencing library preparation for extremely AT-biased genomes. BMC Genomics 13, 1 (2012). doi: 10.1186/1471- 2164-13-1; pmid: 22214261 · DOI
  77. R. E. Knox et al., Chromosomal location of the cadmium uptake gene (Cdu1) in durum wheat. Genome 52, 741-747 (2009). doi: 10.1139/G09-042; pmid: 19935921 · DOI
  78. K. Wiebe et al., Targeted mapping of Cdu1, a major locus regulating grain cadmium concentration in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum). Theor. Appl. Genet. 121, 1047-1058 (2010). doi: 10.1007/s00122-010-1370-1; pmid: 20559817 · DOI
  79. L. Comai, The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nat. Rev. Genet. 6, 836-846 (2005). doi: 10.1038/nrg1711; pmid: 16304599 · DOI
  80. P. J. Berkman et al., Sequencing and assembly of low copy and genic regions of isolated Triticum aestivum chromosome arm 7DS. Plant Biotechnol. J. 9, 768-775 (2011). doi: 10.1111/ j.1467-7652.2010.00587.x; pmid: 21356002 · DOI
  81. P. J. Berkman et al., Sequencing wheat chromosome arm 7BS delimits the 7BS/4AL translocation and reveals homoeologous gene conservation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 124, 423-432 (2012). doi: 10.1007/s00122-011-1717-2; pmid: 22001910 · DOI
  82. T. Tanaka et al., Next-generation survey sequencing and the molecular organization of wheat chromosome 6B. DNA Res. 21, 103-114 (2013). pmid: 24086083
  83. S. Wang et al., Characterization of polyploid wheat genomic diversity using a high-density 90, 000 single nucleotide polymorphism array. Plant Biotechnol. J. (2014). doi: 10.1111/ pbi.12183; pmid: 24646323 The International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) Authorship of this paper should be cited as "International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium. " Participants are arranged by working group. Corresponding authors (*), major contributors ( †), and equally contributing authors ( ‡) are indicated. Principal Investigators: Klaus F. X. Mayer 1 * (k.mayer@helmholtz-muenchen. de), Jane Rogers 2 * (janerogersh@gmail.com), Jaroslav Doležel 3 * (dolezel@ueb.cas.cz), Curtis Pozniak 4 * (curtis.pozniak@usask.ca), Kellye Eversole 2 * (eversole@eversoleassociates.com), Catherine Feuillet 5 * (catherine.feuillet@bayer.com) Provision of seed material for ditelosomic wheat lines: Bikram Gill, 6 Bernd Friebe, 6 Adam J. Lukaszewski, 7 Pierre Sourdille, 14 Takashi R Endo 8 Chromosome sorting and DNA preparation: Jaroslav Doležel, 3 † Marie Kubaláková, 3 Jarmila Číhalíková, 3 Zdeňka Dubská, 3 Jan Vrána, 3 Romana Šperková, 3 Hana Šimková 3 DNA sequencing: Jane Rogers, 2 † Melanie Febrer, 9 Leah Clissold, 10 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
The International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), Mayer, K. F. X., Rogers, J., Doležel, J., Pozniak, C., Eversole, K., Feuillet, C., Gill, B., Friebe, B., Lukaszewski, A. J., Sourdille, P., Endo, T. R., Kubaláková, M., Číhalíková, J., Dubská, Z., Vrána, J., Šperková, R., Šimková, H., Febrer, M., Clissold, L., McLay, K., Singh, K., Chhuneja, P., Singh, N. K., Khurana, J., Akhunov, E., Choulet, F., Alberti, A., Barbe, V., Wincker, P., Kanamori, H., Kobayashi, F., Itoh, T., Matsumoto, T., Sakai, H., Tanaka, T., Wu, J., Ogihara, Y., Handa, H., Maclachlan, P. R., Sharpe, A., Klassen, D., Edwards, D., Batley, J., Olsen, O.-A., Sandve, S. R., Lien, S., Steuernagel, B., Wulff, B., Caccamo, M., Ayling, S., Ramirez-Gonzalez, R. H., Clavijo, B. J., Wright, J., Pfeifer, M., Spannagl, M., Martis, M. M., Mascher, M., Chapman, J., Poland, J. A., Scholz, U., Barry, K., Waugh, R., Rokhsar, D. S., Muehlbauer, G. J., Stein, N., Gundlach, H., Zytnicki, M., Jamilloux, V., Quesneville, H., Wicker, T., Faccioli, P., Colaiacovo, M., Stanca, A. M., Budak, H., Cattivelli, L., Glover, N., Pingault, L., Paux, E., Sharma, S., Appels, R., Bellgard, M., Chapman, B., Nussbaumer, T., Bader, K. C., Rimbert, H., Wang, S., Knox, R., Kilian, A., Alaux, M., Alfama, F., Couderc, L., Guilhot, N., Viseux, C., Loaec, M., Keller, B., & Praud, S.
Affiliations
  • Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
  • University of Saskatchewan (CA)
  • Bayer (Germany) (DE)
  • Kansas State University (US)
  • University of California, Riverside (US)
  • Institut Pascal (FR)
  • Kyoto University (JP)
  • University of Dundee (GB)
  • Punjab Agricultural University (IN)
  • Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IN)
  • University of Delhi (IN)
  • University of Tsukuba (JP)
  • Yokohama City University (JP)
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US)
  • Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NO)
  • Leibniz Association (DE)
  • United States Department of Energy (US)
  • James Hutton Institute (GB)
  • Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (MA)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • Sabancı Üniversitesi (TR)
  • Murdoch University (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Science
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2014-07-18
Volume
345
Issue
6194
Pages
1251788-1251788
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
DOI
10.1126/science.1251788
OpenAlex
W1990813498
Cited by
1,583
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 38 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 134 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 167 · 2017: 199 · 2016: 211 · 2015: 191 · 2014: 44
FWCI
250.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
public-domain
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Sabanci University (acceptedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
  • NPARC (submittedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
  • Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Energy (-AC02-05CH11231, 05CH11231, DE AC02 05CH11231, DE-AC02-)
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture (DE-AC02-05CH11231, 2011‐68002‐30029)
  • Genome Canada
  • Ministry of Agriculture - Saskatchewan
  • Western Grains Research Foundation
  • Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division
  • Arcadia Fund
  • European Molecular Biology Laboratory
  • Joint Genome Institute (AC02-05CH11231, DE–AC02–05CH11231)
  • Kansas Wheat Commission
  • International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
  • European Commission (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
  • Grains Research and Development Corporation
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DE-AC02-05CH11231, SFB 924)
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-09-GENM-025 3BSEQ, ANR-09-GENM-025, DE-AC02-05CH11231, ANR-09-GENM-0025)
  • Grantová Agentura České Republiky (GAP501/12/2554, GBP501/12/G090)
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
  • France AgriMer
  • Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (KGS-1003, NGB-1003)
  • Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu
  • Norges Forskningsråd (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
  • Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
  • Genome Prairie
  • Directorate for Biological Sciences
  • Office of Science (DEAC02–05CH11231, AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC02, 05CH11231)
  • Bayer CropScience
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I026030/1, BB/J003166/1, BB/I00663X/1, BBS/E/T/000PR5885, BB/J003743/1, BBS/E/T/000PR6193)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Wheat and Barley Genetics and Pathology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetic and Environmental Crop Studies
Keywords
wheat, hexaploid genome, homeologous chromosomes, subgenomes, polyploidization, gene loss, gene gain, gene duplication, comparative gene analysis
MeSH terms
Bread, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Polyploidy, Genetic Variation, Triticum, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Genome, Plant, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Order, Chromosomes, Plant, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Transcriptome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review