The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
64 Sources not found · 25 Own interpretation · 18 No full text of the sources · 14 Not checked yet · 4 No basis given · 3 Supported · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
Citations
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Cited by
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Noise pollution as a major disturbance of avian predation in Amsterdam
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Ogden, L. A. (2024) · Social Analysis · doi:10.3167/sa.2024.680209
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Cullen, D., Kingsford, R. T., Bino, G., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5166319
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Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Wildlife in Huangshan Scenic Area, Anhui Province, China
Lu, Y., Wan, Y., Wang, L., Pang, D., Cai, Y., Wu, Y., Tang, M., Li, J., & Zhang, B. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15060857
Cunningham, S. J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192858979.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Yadav, S. K., Singh, D. P., & Ahamad, F. (2025) · Environment Conservation Journal · doi:10.36953/ecj.32352025
“According to Dirzo et al. (2014), wildlife populations are declining globally, and conservation & translocation management strategies are becoming increasingly crucial for plans aimed at recovering species (Armstrong and Seddon, 2008; Brown et al., 2021).”
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González‐Romero, A., Gallina, S., & López-Tello, E. (2024) · Kuxulkab · doi:10.19136/kuxulkab.a30n68.6376
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Perl, R. G. B., Schneider, A., Schneider, J. V., Hartung, V., Röhner, A., Will, S., & Pauls, S. U. (2025) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2025.04.005
Positive and Negative Ecology, a Conceptual Overview
Loxdale, H. D. (2025) · Ecologies · doi:10.3390/ecologies6020033
“…usage of a range of synthetic pesticides and herbicides in the last 80 years or so, have led to catastrophic climate effects and habitat loss with concomitant loss of native flora and fauna, especially including birds and butterflies, during the so-called Anthropocene period, e.g., [34–39].”
Earth's sixth mass extinction event
Pievani, T., & Belardinelli, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14082-2.00101-0
Hariharan, S., Karanth, K. K., & Vasudev, D. (2025) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.70042
Contrasting effects of climate change on biological diversity across biomes
Suring, L. H., & Goldstein, M. I. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14082-2.00105-8
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Angulo, M. T., Liu, Y., Morris, D., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654496
“Ecosystems are being degraded at an alarming rate, largely due to human activities like massive habitat destruction and rapid climate change (Dasgupta and Levin, 2023, Dirzo et al., 2014, Scheffers et al., 2016).”
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“In the Anthropocene, insect populations, particularly terrestrial species, are declining (Cardoso & Leather, 2019; Dirzo et al., 2014; Hallmann et al., 2017; Wagner et al., 2021).”
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“Coined by Dirzo et al. (2014) “to offer a term akin to ‘de-forestation’ around which scientists and the general public could mobilise” (Collard 2020, 141).”
Croijmans, L., Cuperus, F., van Apeldoorn, D. F., Bianchi, F. J. J. A., Rossing, W. A. H., & Poelman, E. H. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.104762.2
Lopez, J. W., Atkinson, C. L., & Vaughn, C. C. (2025) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-025-05755-8 · Cited by 2
“Contemporary declines in animal diversity and biomass are occurring at a global scale and at rates resembling a mass extinction (Barnosky et al. 2011; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Axenie, C., Bauer, R., López-Corona, O., & West, J. (2025) · SpringerBriefs in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-90391-5_2
Borges‐Júnior, V. N. T., Fusinatto, L. A., Wiederhecker, H. C., et al. (2025) · Biodiversidade Brasileira · doi:10.37002/biodiversidadebrasileira.v15i2.2536
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Melo‐Dias, M., Ribeiro, L. G., Queiroz, J. F., Penhacek, M., Custódio, R. J., Rodrigues, D. D. J., & Rosa, C. (2025) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.70088
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Shepard, D. B., Wiker, J. R., Bess, J. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Insect Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10841-025-00698-0
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Marques, M., Magioli, M., Monterroso, P., et al. (2025) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2025.06.006
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Sheidai, M., Alaeifar, M., Koohdar, F., et al. (2025) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-025-10860-1
“Given the limited distribution and the observed environmental stressors, a regionally focused conservation strategy is both necessary and urgent [ 56 , 57].”
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Non-volant mammals of Jaru Biological Reserve, Rondônia, Amazon, Brazil
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“From anthropogenic carbon emissions set to raise global temperatures by 1.5 degrees Celsius (IPCC, 2018) to a worldwide biodiversity loss so great it may amount to a sixth mass extinction (Dirzo et al., 2014), global environmental changes threaten ecosystems and human societies worldwide.”
InfluentialTepos-Ramírez, M., Plasman, M., & Reynoso, V. H. (2025) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.70057
“…natural history studies in the tropics is of great concern since one of the most important aspects for animal conservation is the understanding of the relationship between biological and environmental traits that determine the persistence of a species in a changing environment (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Análisis espacial y estacional de las comunidades de pequeños roedores de la cuenca de Cuitzeo
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Mabel, A., & Prince, A.-L. (2025) · International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.5897/ijbc2024.1628
Trivellone, V. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5403098
Predictors of extinction risk in large tropical forest mammals: From global to local
Schowanek, S. D., Sheil, D., Beaudrot, L. H., Dupont, P. P. A., Espinosa, S., Estienne, V., Fa, J. E., Geldmann, J., Jansen, P. A., Johnson, S. E., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeb7543
“However, because anthropogenic extinctions are nonrandom, such species are more likely to have extreme trait values, such as large body sizes or unique diets ( 9 , 34 ).”
Faria, L. D. B., Albrecht, M. P., da Silva, F. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Ecotourism · doi:10.1080/14724049.2025.2547775
To avoid humans, more wildlife now work the night shift
Gaynor, K. M. (2018) · doi:10.64628/aai.6kyx95anc
Research trends and outlook for Indonesia’s most threatened land vertebrates
Kusrini, M. D., Tohir, R. K., HASIBUAN, M. M., Aprilianti, R., Sunarto, S., Sheherazade, S., Mardiastuti, A., Rahman, D. A., Wiantoro, S., Andayani, N., et al. (2025) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605324001480
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Johnson, M. D. (2025) · California Fish and Wildlife Journal · doi:10.51492/cfwj.111.12
Li, Q., Cui, X.-Y., Jiang, Q., Xiao, H., Meshach, A., Zhou, H.-Q., Li, Y., Zhang, Z.-J., & Hong, M.-S. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72024 · Cited by 2
“These human activities have significantly altered wildlife habitats, contributing to global biodiversity loss (Martínez-Ramos et al. 2016; Dirzo et al. 2014) and disrupting essential ecosystem processes and functions (Tobler, Hartley, et al. 2015).”
Grzędzicka, E. (2025) · Apidologie · doi:10.1007/s13592-025-01205-9
“Both wild and domesticated pollinators are drastically declining worldwide (Potts et al. 2010; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Lima, M. C., Peres, C. A., & de Araújo, H. F. P. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5450323
The last supper: Conservation implications of Sumatran rhinos selective foraging ecology
Harapan, T. S., Nurainas, N., Amolia, R. R., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111479
Applying the Species-Area Relationship Model to Predict Biodiversity Loss in Deforested Regions
Sharma, R., Pradhan, A. K., Karavadi, B., et al. (2025) · Natural and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.28978/nesciences.1763892
Maciorowski, G., Podkowa, P., Skubis, J., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111483
Would a World Without Us Be Worse?
Mogensen, A. L. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191979972.003.0006
Gautam, H., Thanikodi, M., & Sankaran, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.13.675840 · Cited by 2
Dispersal mediates metapopulation response to local and regional stressors
Halsch, C. A., Forister, M. L., & Grames, E. M. (2026) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.70128
Poll, J. F., Eskildsen, D. P., & Tøttrup, A. P. (2025) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-025-02328-7 · Cited by 1
Large carnivore movement patterns differ between demographics in response to human activity
Kaptein, Y., Elliot, N. B., Mogensen, N. L., et al. (2025) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-025-00818-w
“Humans are negatively impacting countless species worldwide (Dirzo et al. 2014 ), including lions (Bauer et al. 2015 , 2016 ).”
Generalist temporal niche buffers against extinction risk among non-avian tetrapodsPreprint
Guirguis, J., Sheard, C., & Pincheira‐Donoso, D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680248
“…with essentially most life history and metabolic traits and functions underpinning reproductive and ecological performance, while species with progressively smaller geographic ranges are progressively more vulnerable to demographic and genetic erosion caused by environmental factors (2,17,19–26).”
Guardians, not masters: A systems-level humanism for a biodiverse planet
Peretz, R. (2025) · Transactions in Earth Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.1177/2754124x251385749
“Scholars like Dirzo et al. (2014) coined terms such as “ defaunation ” – the loss of animal species and populations – to describe a new era of biodiversity collapse directly caused by humans.”
Alonso‐Rodríguez, A. M., Gutiérrez‐Fonseca, P. E., Miller, S. E., & Ricketts, T. H. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72278 · Cited by 1
Shibasaki, S., Nakawake, Y., Tateishi, W., Fujii, S., & Nakadai, R. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05734-7 · Cited by 1
“egative human impacts on natural environments have been widely recognized (Cardinale et al., 2012; Dirzo et al., 2014; Malhi et al., 2014), and fundamental changes societies are considered necessary to achieve a sustainable relationship with nature (McPhearson et al., 2021; Pascual et al., 2023).”
Martens, H., & von Kotzebue, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48374-6_6
Jauker, F., Hamidi, D., Hütt, C., et al. (2025) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2025.10.011
Conceptualizing Ecocide: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
van Uhm, D., Ryngaert, C., Knittel, S. C., & van Kuijk, M. (2025) · Palgrave studies in green criminology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91557-4_5
Global Green Crime and Ecojustice
van Uhm, D., & Siegel, D. (2025) · Palgrave studies in green criminology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91557-4_1
Solar Radiation Affects Bird Distributions but Not Elevational Shifts in European Mountains
Couet, J., Marjakangas, E., Santangeli, A., et al. (2025) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.70143
Davis, W., Bailey, L. L., & Wright, F. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5707089
Identifying possible hotspots of human pressure on European gastropods
Karoumpali, M., Marco, M. D., Parmakelis, Α., et al. (2025) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaf085
Human-tapir conflict: a case report of a lowland tapir attack and a global review of such encounters
Goebel, L. G. A., Oliveira, M. Ã., Longo, G. R., et al. (2025) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2025-11-14.30-1-8
Kampfert, L. E. P., Maicrovicz, J. C., Blanco, D. R., Lange, D., Pavanelli, C. S., & Brandão, H. (2025) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.70249
“These losses have disrupted species composition, ecological interactions and ecosystem resilience, compromising the services these organisms provide (Chapin III et al., 2000; Dirzo et al., 2014; Pelicice, Agostinho, Azevedo-Santos, et al., 2023).”
The status of protected butterfly species in Romania in the context of national and EU legislation
Vizauer, T.-C., Crişan, A., & Rákosy, L. (2025) · Entomologica Romanica · doi:10.24193/entomolrom.29.27
“Over the past five decades, numerous studies have documented substantial declines in insect populations worldwide, raising serious concerns about biodiversity loss and the stability of ecosystem services ( Dirzo et al. 2014, Hallmann et al. 2017, Wagner 2020).”
Rush, H. A., Kershner, M. W., & Rocha, Ó. J. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8059895/v1
The ghost of Bombus past: Investigating the mystery of an extinct bumblebee
Elsayed, H., & Zayed, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2527315122
Guiascón, Ó. G. R., Panti–May, J. A., Díaz, V. K. P., & Pérez, J. M. G. (2025) · Acta Zoológica Lilloana · doi:10.30550/j.azl/2256
Social media highlights the overlooked impact of cats on arthropods
Alexandre, L., & Costa‐Pereira, R. (2025) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.70038
“This is a concerning pattern, as species of these taxa have experienced sharp declines in their abundance in recent years (Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Lin, W., Weng, Y., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111600
Taylor, M. J., Alam, M. R., Griffin, A. S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142109
Allometry and phylogeny of within-diaspore biomass allocation: A global analysis
Cruz, A. R., & Enquist, B. J. (2025) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0328
“Understanding how these intrinsic and extrinsic drivers interact, and the patterns that emerge, among diverse taxa is increasingly urgent given the rapid shifts in global reproductive dynamics under climate change [58–61].”
Lucas, J. M., Budny, M. L., & Lemoine, N. P. (2025) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.70254 · Cited by 1
“Grassland insects, such as grass-hoppers, crickets, and katydids, and every orthopteran species with an IUCN-documented population trend has declined in abundance by 70% – 75% (Dirzo et al., 2014; Welti et al., 2020).”
DeSimone, J. G., Dalton, E. N., DeGroote, L. W., et al. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70621
“At the same time, climate change and other human-induced environmental changes have also caused biodiversity losses and population declines in species around the globe (Butchart et al. 2010; Dirzo et al. 2014; Martay et al. 2017).”
Caron, F. S., Pietras, Z., Eddine‐Lomas, A., von Hellfeld, R., & Morimoto, J. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72608
Study of ecological environment quality changes in Chaoyang City based on RSEIPreprint
Niu, T., Gao, B., Jiang, Y., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5861660
Ore, M. J., Butcher, B. G., Akresh, M. E., Kirchman, J. J., Ralston, J., Ruhl, P. J., Toews, D. P. L., Lovette, I. J., & Walsh, J. (2025) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-025-02478-3
“A growing body of empirical evidence shows that extinction rates have been outpacing speciation rates over the past century [1], resulting in significant shifts in biodiversity composition across all taxonomic groups [2, 3].”
Wild pears in peril: Does National Park protection ensure tree conservation?
Fedriani, J. M., Garrote, P. J., Morera, B., et al. (2026) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111873
Wind energy and species reintroductions: a call to action for adaptive conservation planning
López‐López, P., Estellés-Domingo, I., & Gil, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128266
Editorial: Surviving the Anthropocene: the 3 E’s under pressing planetary issues
Lima, M. S., Saruhashi, S., de Oliveira, T. B., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2025.1758504
A landscape perspective to primate crop raiding behaviour
Anand, S., Rajani, M. B., & Radhakrishna, S. (2025) · Landscape Research · doi:10.1080/01426397.2025.2577932
López-Jaramillo, S., Arias‐Alzate, A., & Delgado-V, C. A. (2025) · Caldasia · doi:10.15446/caldasia.v47.112528
The emergence of ecological traps in marine ecosystems: The case of seabirds and fisheries
Anguita, C., Simeone, A., & Estades, C. F. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111674
A Decade of the Resource-Based Habitat Paradigm: The Semantics of Habitat Loss
Dennis, R. L. H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09209-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
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