The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 136 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 136 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The “Status, trends, and threats” section states that, accounting for uncertainty from Data Deficient species, between 16% and 33% of all vertebrate species are classified as Threatened. This directly supports the cited estimate. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The long-established major proximate drivers of wildlife population decline and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems, namely overexploitation, habitat destruction, and impacts from invasive species remain pervasive (18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
The opening summary (p. 1503) identifies agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species as main drivers of biodiversity loss among mammals, birds, and amphibians. The “Confronting threats” section adds that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. Agricultural expansion and logging substantiate the claim’s reference to habitat destruction. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“None of these major drivers have been effectively mitigated at the global scale (14,18).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. S. H. Butchart et al., Science 328, 1164 (2010). source
- Supportedcites [18] 18. M. Hoffmann et al., Science 330, 1503 (2010). source
In “Confronting threats” (page not supplied), the paper says that deteriorations outnumber improvements for every threat assessed and concludes that conservation has not yet offset any major driver of increased extinction risk. This supports the claim at the global scale, within the paper’s scope of vertebrate extinction risk. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the effects of defaunation will be much less about the loss of absolute diversity than about local shifts in species compositions and functional groups within a community (80).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [80] 80. M. Dornelas et al., Science 344, 296 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions (page not available) describe the replacement of large herbivores by smaller mammals and arthropods, and the ‘Effects of large mammals on small mammals’ section reports changes in vegetation and consumer abundance. These support local shifts in the community, but the paper does not establish that such shifts matter more than losses of absolute diversity or make a general comparison of the two effects of defaunation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and few major human pathogens seem to fit the criteria that would make such a relationship pervasive (71).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
In “Predicting the Biodiversity–Disease Relationship” (page not available), the authors project that biodiversity would reduce the prevalence of only 12% of the infectious disease species they assessed. They conclude that negative biodiversity–disease relationships may be relatively uncommon, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim. Their assessment covers common pathogenic human protozoan and metazoan parasites, not viruses or bacteria. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the impacts of defaunation on disease are far from straightforward (71)”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [71] 71. C. L. Wood, K. D. Lafferty, G. DeLeo, H. S. Young, A. M. Kuris, Ecology 95, 817http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1041.1 (2014). source
The Introduction says that biodiversity loss is likely to produce both “winners and losers” among parasites. “Where Do We Go From Here?” adds that the biodiversity–disease relationship may be nonlinear and either positive or negative. These passages support the claim that the disease effects of defaunation are not straightforward; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Of a conservatively estimated 5-9 million animal species on the planet, we are likely losing ~11,000 to 58,000 species annually (15,16).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. C. Mora, A. Rollo, D. P. Tittensor, Science 493, 295 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16] 16. B. R. Scheffers, L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 501 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
In the paper
“with populations of many iconic species such as elephant (Fig S1B) rapidly declining towards extinction (19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Among terrestrial vertebrates 322 species have become extinct since 1500, while populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance.”
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
“Across vertebrates, 16% to 33% of all species are estimated to be globally threatened or endangered (17,18), and at least 322 vertebrate species have become extinct since 1500 (a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated) (17,19,20) (Table S1).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. IUCN, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species <www.iucnredlist.org> (2013)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [20] 20. G. Ceballos, A. García, P. R. Ehrlich, J. Cosmol. 8, 1821 (2010).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
- Also stated in: § Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our evaluation of mammals (1437 species) and birds (4263 species), the number of species per 10,000 km 2 in decline (IUCN population status “decreasing”) varied across regions from a few to 75 in mammals and 125 in birds (Fig 2), with highest numbers in tropical regions.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all insects with IUCN documented population trends, 33% are declining, with strong variation among Orders 19).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19] 19. Materials and methods are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“counts of threatened species do not necessarily translate into extinction risk, much less ecological impact (13).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. A. Ø. Mooers, D. P. Faith, W. P. Maddison, PloS one 3, e3700 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These extinctions altered ecosystem processes and disturbance regimes at continental scales, triggering cascades of extinction thought to still reverberate today (3,4).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. C. E. Doughty, A. Wolf, Y. Malhi, Nat. Geosci. 6, 761 (2013).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. J. L. Gill et al., Science 326, 1100 (2009). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similar to other mass extinction events, the effects of this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. M. Cardillo et al., P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio. 275, 1441 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction, and also a major driver of global ecological change.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much remains unknown about this”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Loss of invertebrate biodiversity has received much less attention and data are extremely limited.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Defaunation: a pervasive phenomenon
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live amidst a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some animal species are able to persist in highly modified habitats”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, several newer threats have recently emerged, most notably anthropogenic climate disruption, which will likely soon compete with habitat loss as the most important driver of defaunation (44).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] 44. O. E. Sala et al., Science 287, 1770 (2000). source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While most declining species are affected by multiple stressors, we still have a poor understanding of the complex ways in which these drivers interact, and of feedback loops that may exist (7,11).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Multiple, unaddressed drivers of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. A. D. Barnosky et al., Nature 486, 52 (2012). source
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, C. J. Bradshaw, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 453 (2008).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While defaunation is a global pattern, geographic distribution patterns are also decidedly non-random (28).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. S. Pimm et al., Science 344, 1246752 (2014). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, increasingly sophisticated approaches help to predict which species are likely to be at risk, and to map latent extinction risk (38), holding great promise both for managing defaunation and identifying likely patterns of ecological impact (39).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38] 38. M. Cardillo, G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman, A. Purvis, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 4157 (2006).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [39] 39. H. Hillebrand, B. Matthiessen, Ecol. Lett. 12, 1405 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, among vertebrates, more amphibians (41%) are currently considered threatened than birds (17%), with mammals and reptiles experiencing intermediate threat levels (27).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] 27. J. Schipper et al., Science 322, 225 (2008). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, these 'extinction models' have made little impact on conservation management, in part because trait correlations are often idiosyncratic and context dependent (31).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Patterns of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] 31. M. Cardillo, E. Meijaard, Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 167 (2012).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ironically, the cryptic nature of defaunation has strong potential to soon become very non-cryptic, rivaling the impact of many other forms of global change in terms of loss of ecosystem services essential for human well-being.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we need to focus on predicting the systematic patterns of winners and losers in the Anthropocene and identify the traits that characterize them, as this will provide information on the patterns and the links to function that we can then act upon.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we emphasize that defaunation is about much more than species loss.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most efforts to quantify this relationship have focused largely on effects of reduced producer diversity, which may typically have much lower functional impacts than does consumer loss (49,50).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Consequences of defaunation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49] 49. J. Reiss, J. R. Bridle, J. M. Montoya, G. Woodward, Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] 50. B. J. Cardinale et al., Nature 486, 59 (2012). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing declines in populations of animals such as nematodes, beetles, or bats, are considerably less evident to humans”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, both reduced and more evenly distributed global resource consumption will be necessary to sustainably change ongoing trends in defaunation and, hopefully, eventually open the door to refaunation.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet arguably are more functionally important”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One recent study in Madagascar suggested that loss of wildlife as a food source will increase anemia by 30%, leading to increased mortality, morbidity and learning difficulties (66).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [66] 66. C. D. Golden et al., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 19653 (2011).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Insect pollination, needed for 75% of all the world's food crops, is estimated to be worth ~10% of the economic value of the world's entire food supply (52).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52] 52. N. Gallai, J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, B. E. Vaissière, Ecological Economics 68, 810 (2009).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Similarly, declines in bird pollinators in New Zealand led to strong pollen limitation, ultimately reducing seed production and population regeneration (55) (Fig 5H).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] 55. S. H. Anderson et al., Science 331, 1068 (2011). source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review indicates that a widespread and pervasive defaunation crisis, with farreaching consequences, is upon us.”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large animals, including ungulates, hippos, and crocodiles, prevent formation of anoxic zones through agitation and affect water movement through trampling (64).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [64] 64. J. P. Wright, C. G. Jones, A. S. Flecker, Oecologia 132, 96 (2002).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For instance, global declines in amphibian populations increase algae and fine detritus biomass, reduce nitrogen uptake, and greatly reduce whole stream respiration (Fig 5E; (63)).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Water quality.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] 63. M. Whiles et al., Ecosystems 16, 146 (2013). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large wildlife removal also causes major effects on ecosystem functions and services (Panel D), including changes to fire intensity (Fi); cattle production in both dry (C-D) and wet seasons (C-W); disease prevalence (D); infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF); photosynthetic rates (Ph); and transpiration rates (TR).”
§ Defaunation in the Anthropocene > Synthesis and ways forward
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [81] 81. F. Keesing, T. P. Young, Bioscience 64, 487 (2014).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The year 1500 is a representative starting point for the recent wave of extinction.
“(a date representative of onset of the recent wave of extinction, as formal definition of the start of the Anthropocene still being debated)”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.
“In many parts of the world, wild animal food sources are a critical part of the diet, particularly for the poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on species not directly impacted by human defaunation are still poorly studied.
“Still poorly studied are the indirect evolutionary effects of defaunation on other species, not directly impacted by human defaunation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.
“For example, arthropod pests are responsible for 8-15% of the losses in most major food crops.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption ultimately drive all these threats.
“continued human population growth and increasingly uneven per-capita consumption, which ultimately drive all these threats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
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“the literature reflects broad agreement among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of evidence indicates that current species extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (8–15)”
From Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction (2015) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that, even if there was not ample sign that the crisis extends far beyond that group of animals, today’s planetary defaunation of vertebrates will itself promote cascading catastrophic effects on ecosystems, worsening the annihilation of nature (2, 3, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In sum, by losing populations (and species) of vertebrates, we are losing intricate ecological networks involving animals, plants, and microorganisms (e.g., refs. 2, 8, 18, 45, 46).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, given that such medium and large species are the most seriously threatened by the predominant proximate drivers of defaunation (2, 3), the likely bias against small-sized species should not affect our overall interpretation of results.”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Fourth, species at the brink have been pushed to a critical conservation status because of human activities, where habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, overexploitation, introduced domestic and wild species, toxification, and pollution have played a major role (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“They occur mostly in heavily populated regions such as tropical Asia, where major ongoing biodiversity losses are well known (10, 13–15, 30, 46, 52, 53).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“More recently, climate disruption is becoming a major cause of species endangerment (10, 11, 14–17).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Thus, moving onto the brink is an important part of the process of defaunation (14).”
From Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“However, the number of studies on insect trends with sufficient replication and spatial coverage are limited [10, 23–25] and restricted to certain well-studied taxa.”
From More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Many top predators are both overexploited and strong controllers of nutrient cycling, water quality and other ecosystem services9,77,80–82.”
From Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales (2017) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Increasingly, the simple theoretical prediction that fragmentation reduces species richness is being modified to account for species identity through models that focus on how species vary in their traits (4, 21, 36, 48, 57, 58).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Most forms of global change known to reduce population sizes and biodiversity will be exacerbated by fragmentation (58, 60), including climate change (61), invasive species (62, 63), hunting (64), pollution [including light, noise, and chemicals (65)], and altered disturbance regimes (66).”
From Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems (2015) · cites this paper as [58]
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Sorted by citations
Items 4,001–4,100 of 4,205
Leclerc, C. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b904df63z6b64z4ee8za1beze28092d9379f
Behavioural ecology of fishermen and odontocetes in a depredation context
Richard, G. (2018) · doi:10.70675/7287d60az11efz4dfdz828dz5cbe4bcaf452
“These responses, paired with growing anthropic pressure upon ecosystems, have caused a massive loss of biodiversity, leading some specialists to talk about “defaunation” as an analogy of “deforestation” (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
BackgroundBoussarie, G. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5b0eecabz3563z4364zbfb1zc7a81ddc5d72
Influence des conditions de développement sur le phénotype des oiseaux, de l’éclosion à l’âge adulte
Dupont, S. M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ebc4f71ezb88az403czbc44z3c56a5a9cbf3
Mahaut, L. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/90ad460az2447z436fza76azbcf94dfcd859
“…des conséquences du développement des activités humaines depuis la fin du XVIIIème siècle est l’actuelle crise de la biodiversité qui est caractérisée, entre autre, par une augmentation très importante des taux d’extinction spécifique (Dirzo et al. 2014, Mc Gill et al. 2015, Gonzalez et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMacêdo, J. D. B., Silva, G. A., Santos‐Jr, L. S., Beirão, M. D. V., Freire, G. D. B., Nascimento, B. S. D., Pinto, U. D. J. A., Ferreira, V. S., & Silva, J. O. (2026) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.70090
“…human-driven environmental changes can reorganize community composition, constrain or shift ecological niches and disrupt ontogenetic development, thereby generating cascading consequences for ecosystem functioning and resilience (Costa et al., 2017; Dirzo et al., 2014; Santos et al., 2026).”
Fragmentation des habitats et interactions hôtes-parasites
Perrin, A. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b451e41fz0806z4e2dz9d8ezf7c410941cea
Marre, G. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/063a8ffaz9404z402bz968ez6b4ca8aef617
“Cette altération du climat, associée aux autres pressions anthropiques (déforestation, surpêche, pollutions chimiques. . . ), a déjà largement a ecté la biosphère au point d’initier la « sixième crise d’extinction d’espèces » (Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014; Ceballos et al., 2015).”
Archambeau, J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f596383az879ez4b3cza98cz9194a9492f4b · Cited by 2
Impacts of metallic pollutants on honey bees : from the colony to the brain
Monchanin, C. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/96ecf2bfz4f00z4f48z990dz819088a03509 · Cited by 3
Zaied, A., Hmidi, O. T., Chouikhi, F., Karssene, Y., Louhichi, M., Tlili, A., Jarray, M., Zaidi, A., & Chammem, M. (2026) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9213457/v1
Ecology of predator-prey and predator-predator interactions in a multi-predator context
Say‐Sallaz, E. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c502abd0z65c5z46fbzbe42z9cbb3e3917ac
Ortiz-Sepulveda, C. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c1c1cf29zfcf5z4b9fza396zc80a51274661
O’Connor, L. M. J. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7d3580dcza65cz4153z8895z5227e7324fe5
Ouattara, M. S. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7241a3bdzeba7z4dd1z8b8cz74324c00d1f2
Charberet, S. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f2033a54zc353z416ez85aaz0b9fed0654f9
Climate change and parrot conservation: a global review of impacts on Psittacidae biodiversity
Tinoco, L., Calderan, A. M. P., Viol, A., et al. (2026) · Bird Conservation International · doi:10.1017/s0959270926100495
“According to Dirzo et al. (2014), in addition to habitat loss and climate change, pollution and the introduction of exotic species are reducing fauna in various parts of the planet.”
Perea, S., Oliveira, H. F. M., Silva, D. C., de la Sancha, N. U., da Silva, J. M., Domingos, F. M. C. B., & Fandós, G. (2026) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-026-03335-7
Medina‐Serrano, N., Bagnères, A., Ndiaye, M., et al. (2026) · Peer Community Journal · doi:10.24072/pcjournal.709
Mirghani, J., Schmalz, K., Eichert, A., et al. (2026) · Insect Conservation and Diversity · doi:10.1111/icad.70080
“…scientists argue that a sixth mass extinction is already occurring (Barnosky et al., 2011; Ceballos et al., 2010, 2015; Cowie et al., 2022) in part due to synergistic threats like climate change, pollution and habitat fragmentation (Dirzo et al., 2014; Forister et al., 2019; Wagner et al., 2021).”
Replan, E. L. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6589684
Braga, P. R., de Araujo, J. C. B., Silveira, L. F., et al. (2026) · Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2025-1852
Rhododendron diversity patterns provide new insights for conserving China's montane flora
Zhu, M., Mo, Z., Luo, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Integrative Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/jipb.70253
“S ince the onset of the Industrial Revolution, human activ - ities have altered the Earth's ecosystems on an un - precedented scale and intensity (Dirzo et al., 2014), resulting in profound and multifaceted negative impacts on global bi - odiversity and accelerating species extinction rates far be…”
The effects of spectrally distinct nighttime dim light on sperm production in Drosophila
Takamoto, R., & Takahashi, Y. (2026) · Entomological Science · doi:10.1111/ens.70018
“While declines in terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates have been extensively documented, insects are also experiencing global declines, and their extinction rate has dramatically increased in recent years (Pimm & Raven 2000; Dirzo et al .”
Rufino, M. P. M. X., Torres, C., van der Sleen, P., de Almeida, L. S., de Melo, F. R., Camilo, K. P., Verly, O. M., Costa, W. D. S., de Lana, J. M., & Peña‐Claros, M. (2026) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.70409 · Cited by 1
“Fragmentation generates edge effects, reduces genetic diversity, and compromises habitat quality, while hunting pressure further intensi fi es defaunation, often resulting in the loss of key species (Dirzo et al. 2014; Pfei-fer et al. 2017; Zambrano et al. 2020).”
Stefanidis, A., & Kati, V. I. (2026) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-026-03352-6
“…account for the largest proportion of organisms worldwide (5.5 million species estimated, with one million of them described) (Bánki et al. 2025; Stork 2018) and are experiencing unprecedented extinction risks and abundance declines (Cardoso et al. 2020; Dirzo et al. 2014; Goulson 2019; IUCN 2025).”
InfluentialKlain, V., & Gogarten, J. F. (2026) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70262
Short‐Term Changes in High‐Latitude Grassland Vegetation and Floral Reward Availability
Kapfer, J., Pedersen, C. T., Tsegaye, D., & Sickel, H. (2026) · Applied Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/avsc.70072
Connor, T., Alarcón, P. A. E., Serota, M. W., Karandikar, H., Donadío, E., Verta, G., Brashares, J. S., & Middleton, A. D. (2026) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103793 · Cited by 1
Mutillod, C., Perrin, W., Buisson, É., et al. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129756
The Future of Biodiversity in the Congo Basin
Abernethy, K. A., Abwe, E., Akomo-Okoue, E. F., Ondo, F. E., Makaga, L., & Iponga, D. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-5512-2_24
Biological economics: the evolutionary biology of (state) institutions in modern humansPreprint
Pincheira‐Donoso, D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6657120 · Cited by 1
Wei, X., Sun, Y., Feng, J., & Wang, T. (2026) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.70388
Phylogenetic Patterns in Hunting and Extinction Risk in Primates
Arregoitia, L. D. V., Galán‐Acedo, C., Nekaris, K. A. I., Garber, P. A., Hansen, M. F., Bicca‐Marques, J. C., Svensson, M. S., Nijman, V., Shanee, S., Chaudhary, A., et al. (2026) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/acv.70068
Contested Zones: Circus Science Collaboration on Issues of Australian Ecologies
Hassall, L., & Lazaroo, N. (2026) · New directions in cultural policy research · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-17063-7_11
Womersley, F. C., Green, S., Garcia-Baciero, A., et al. (2026) · Animal Biotelemetry · doi:10.1186/s40317-026-00462-4
Perales-Calderón, E., Torres-Pérez-Coeto, J., Graciarreal, A., et al. (2026) · Ecoscience · doi:10.1080/11956860.2026.2650975
“Failing to implement effective measures to mitigate the effects of dogs on wildlife in the BCNP and other peri-urban protected areas would further exacerbate the current defaunation crisis (Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Use of devegetation in framing vegetation loss rather than deforestation
Carvalho, R. B., Machado, R. B., Dirzo, R., & Aguiar, L. M. S. (2026) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70307
“A useful parallel can be drawn with defaunation , a term introduced by Dirzo and Miranda (1991) and later popularized by Dirzo et al. (2014) to describe declines in animal populations across taxa and habitats and since increasingly used in scientific and policy discourse (Krause & Nielsen, 2019;…”
Self-citationRangel-Rivera, C. E., Rojas‐Soto, O., Guevara, R., López‐Barrera, F., Arias‐Alzate, A., & Prieto-Torres, D. A. (2026) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-026-02595-x · Cited by 1
“Among vertebrates, mammals are pivotal seed dispersers across ecosystems (Farwig and Berens 2012; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Digging into dirt: Rewilding with threatened mammals shapes soil‐emerging insect assemblages
Johanson, L. G., Contos, P., Rader, R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70274
“The loss of taxa can cascade through ecosystems, altering assemblages of plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates through numerous direct and indirect pathways (Coggan & Gibb, 2019; Dirzo et al., 2014; Gibb et al., 2021; Ripple et al., 2014 ).”
The Multifaceted Effects of Anthropogenic and Climatic Factors on Ecological Networks
Aguirre‐López, L. J., Hurlbert, A. H., & Feng, X. (2026) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.70246 · Cited by 1
Pereira, G. C. N., Beirão, M. D. V., Herrera‐Lopera, J. M., Traveset, A., Rocha‐Santos, L., & Cazetta, E. (2026) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-026-02366-3
Fofrich, R., Chiu, A., & Ordway, E. M. (2026) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag123
Nelson, R. A., Seabloom, E. W., & Borer, E. T. (2026) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.70620
Decline of Common Toad Populations in Flanders Is Not Linked to Surrounding Landscape
Blomme, E., Rommel, H., Batsleer, F., et al. (2026) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.73653
A compact workflow for determining umbrella species
Hartono, D. D., Nurvianto, S., Setiawan, J., et al. (2026) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2026.04.003
“These pressures interact via land use change, invasive species, and altered disturbance regimes, amplifying risks in the tropics and driving acute defaunation (Carney Almroth et al., 2022; Dirzo et al., 2014).”
Gurten, S., Sint, D., Traugott, M., et al. (2026) · Metabarcoding and Metagenomics · doi:10.3897/mbmg.10.183708
Prevent, Protect, Restore: Using the Global Biodiversity Framework to Guide Veterinary Education
Kern-Allely, C. M., Pejchar, L., Magnusson, K., Tabor, G., Stewart, F., Stephen, C., & Duncan, C. (2026) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme-2025-0126
Garcia, M. B., Miranda-Cebrián, H., Verdú, M., Martín-Rubio, D., Blasco‐Zumeta, J., Jarne, M., & Olesen, J. M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.16.725624
“Similarly, the disappearance of a single species from an ecosystem can have important consequences for the maintenance of overall biodiversity through the interactions in which it is involved, either directly or through indirect cascading effects (Rezende et al. 2007; Dirzo et al. 2014).”
Kotovicz, P. H., Bogoni, J. A., Brum, F. T., Vibrans, A. C., & Carlucci, M. B. (2026) · Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2026.04.005
“Furthermore, several studies indicate an increase in the abundance of small-bodied mammals (especially Cricetidae) due to the defaunation of large animals (Kurten, 2013; Young et al., 2014).”
Li, X., Liu, F., Miao, Z., Chen, H., Wang, Q., & Zhou, X. (2026) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111914
Walter, J., Fric, Z. F., Filippov, P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.70399
Mammals' zoogeochemical effects change litter and soil biogeochemistry in a tropical rainforest
Ribeiro, L. G., Villar, N., Melo‐Dias, M., Nazareth, S., & Galetti, M. (2026) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.70070
Self-citationTesting the oceanic dispersal potential of Caribbean fleshy-fruited plants
Kim, S., Montoya, S., Tarazona‐Tubens, F. L., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0348628
“This highlights the problem confronted by large-fruited plants when large-bodied vertebrates go extinct, as has been happening extensively in island systems [11,12].”
Keita, N., Yakovlev, S. A., Cisse, A., et al. (2026) · Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology · doi:10.4236/abb.2026.175012
Nichols, V., Randahl-Beltran, E., Gentili, M., Sønderskov, M., Riley, S., & Melander, B. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6854020
Human pressure and protection gradients reshape diel activity patterns of terrestrial mammals
Thanet, D. R., Lamichhane, S., Bevan, P. A., et al. (2026) · BMC Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1186/s12862-026-02538-4
“Human activities are profoundly reshaping ecosystems globally, influencing wildlife distributions, movements, and diel activity patterns across a range of systems, with detectable effects even inside protected areas (PAs) where fear responses can disrupt natural rhythms [13, 17, 23, 47, 53, 57, 58].”
Optimización del uso del agua en revoques de tepetate mediante el empleo de polisacáridos
Alba, L. G. A., Guerrero-Baca, L. F., & Vázquez-Martínez, M. (2026) · Investigación y Ciencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes · doi:10.33064/iycuaa2026988348
Wells, S. A., & Koprowski, J. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.29.728663
Bovo, A. A. A., & Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B. (2026) · Bird Conservation International · doi:10.1017/s0959270926100501
“The increasing human pressure on biodiversity has led researchers to call the present period the Anthropocene (Dirzo et al. 2014; Steffen 2021).”
GUO, K., Tang, Z., Su, M., et al. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15110862
“Unsustainable practices, such as habitat destruction, invasive species, and over-exploitation, are driving widespread biodiversity loss, especially among rare wildlife populations [2].”
Masolele, M. M., Hopcraft, J. G. C., Faust, C. L., & Torney, C. J. (2026) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.70435 · Cited by 1
“Protected areas worldwide are experiencing increases in anthro - pogenic disturbances, often driven by expanding human activities including tourism, commercial development and settlement within boundaries (Dirzo et al., 2014; Jones et al., 2018).”
Chen, X. M., Huang, T., Li, R., et al. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16111725
“Birds and mammals, as key species for forest ecological health [7,9], are a powerful social motivator for conservation [10].”
Sciorilli, E. T., Suter, E., Grima, M. M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2026.1741931
Still Lost in Definitions: How ‘Resilience’ Is Used in EcologyPreprint
Lin, H.-W., Moorthy, S. M. K., Hector, A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.03.729936
Gasbarro, R., Will, M., & Cordes, E. (2026) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2026.104712
Readyhough, T. S., Cepek, J. D., Byer, N. W., & Moll, R. J. (2026) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2025.2890
The Future of Biodiversity in the Congo Basin
Abernethy, K. A., Abwe, E., Okoue, E. F. A., et al. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02023-9_24-2
Gilbert, J., Mathien, C., Portelli, C., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6914468
Using information theory to select spatial scales for species–habitat responses with camera traps
Dyck, M. A., Arthurs, E., Braun, M., et al. (2026) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.70254
“Anthropogenic landscape change has drastically altered Earth ’ s ecosystems (Ellis & Ramankutty, 2008), with profound effects on ecological systems (Ceballos et al., 2015, 2017; Dirzo et al., 2014; Trenberth, 2018), yet species ’ responses to these changes remain difficult to predict.”
Toro-Rivadeneira, D. (2026) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104728
Stamenković, O., Barta, B., Márton, Z., Huỳnh, T., Laskai, C., Hamer, A. J., Tornero, I., Garamszegi, L. Z., Uhrin, M., & Horváth, Z. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.08.730838 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., & Collen, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Natural Environment Research Council (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 6195
- Pages
- 401-406
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2100135944
- Cited by
- 4,474
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 397 · 2023: 475 · 2022: 501 · 2021: 494 · 2020: 416 · 2019: 411 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 167 · 2014: 39
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion)
- UNESP Institutional Repository (São Paulo State University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Natural Environment Research Council (CEH010010)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- defaunation, biodiversity loss, species abundance decline, extinction, invertebrates, terrestrial vertebrates, sixth mass extinction, ecosystem functioning, Anthropocene
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Humans, Human Activities, Insecta, Invertebrates, Mammals, Pest Control, Population, Biodiversity, Extinction, Biological, Pollination, Endangered Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-02, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-02 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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