Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 2,064

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Gene Regulation for Higher Cells: A Theory: New facts regarding the organization of the genome provide clues to the nature of gene regulation.

Britten, Roy J., Davidson, Eric H.·1969·Science

Abstract

Cell differentiation is based almost certainly on the regulation of gene activity, so that for each state of differentiation a certain set of genes is active in transcription and other genes are inactive. The establishment of this concept (1) has depended on evidence \nindicating that the cells of an organism generally contain identical genomes (2). Direct support for the idea that regulation of gene activity underlies cell differentiation \ncomes from evidence that much of the genome in higher cell \ntypes is inactive (3) and that different ribonucleic acids (RNA) are synthesized in different cell types (4).

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.165.3891.349

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 99

  1. AIZAWA, Y, EFFECT IN VIVO AND IN VITRO OF ESTROGENS ON LIPID SYNTHESIS IN RAT UTERUS, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 236: 381 (1961). · DOI
  2. ALLFREY, V.G., SOME EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTING THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OF ISOLATED NUCLEI WITH OTHER POLYELECTROLYTES, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 44: 981 (1958).
  3. ALLFREY, V.G., EVIDENCE FOR COMPLETE DNA-DEPENDENCE OF RNA SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED THYMUS NUCLEI, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 48: 1590 (1962).
  4. ATKIN, N.B., DNA VALUES OF 4 PRIMITIVE CHORDATES, CHROMOSOMA 23: 10 (1967). · doi:10.1007/bf00293308
  5. ATTARDI, G, GIANT-SIZE RAPIDLY LABELED NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND CYTOPLASMIC MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN IMMATURE DUCK ERYTHROCYTES, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 20: 145 (1966). · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(66)90123-9
  6. BARNABEI, O, ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 113: 478 (1966). · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(66)90217-7
  7. BEESON, J.L., LOCALIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RAT AND CHICKEN HISTONES, EXPERIMENTAL CELL RESEARCH 48: 61 (1967). · doi:10.1016/0014-4827(67)90276-5
  8. Bekhor, I., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 62: 271 (1969).
  9. BEKHOR, I, SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC INTERACTION OF DNA AND CHROMOSOMAL PROTEIN, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 39: 351 (1969). · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(69)90322-2
  10. BEKHOR, I, HYBRIDIZATION OF CHROMOSOMAL RNA TO NATIVE DNA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 62: 271 (1969).
  11. BENPORAT, T, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HERPES SIMPLEX AND PSEUDORABIES VIRUSES, VIROLOGY 16: 261 (1962). · DOI
  12. BODE, H.R., SIZE AND STRUCTURE OF MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS H39 CHROMOSOME, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 23: 191 (1967). · DOI
  13. BONNER, J, MOLECULAR COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN NUCLEAR DNA AND ORGAN-SPECIFIC CHROMOSOMAL RNA, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 57: 1379 (1967).
  14. 10.1126/science.159.3810.47 · doi:10.1126/science.159.3810.47
  15. BRACHET, J, EFFECTS OF ACTINOMYCIN D + PUROMYCIN ON MORPHOGENESIS IN AMPHIBIAN EGGS + ACETABULARIA MEDITERRANEA, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 9: 398 (1964). · doi:10.1016/0012-1606(64)90033-8
  16. BREWER, C.B., BIOCHEMISTRY 5: 3857 (1966). · doi:10.1021/bi00876a017
  17. BRITTEN, R.J., CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON YEAR BOOK 66: 75 (1968).
  18. BRITTEN, R.J., CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON YEAR BOOK 66: 83 (1968).
  19. 10.1126/science.161.3841.529 · DOI · Paper page
  20. CAIRNS, J, MINIMUM ESTIMATE FOR LENGTH OF DNA OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI OBTAINED BY AUTORADIOGRAPHY, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 4: 407 (1962). · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(62)80021-7
  21. CHESLEY, P, The inheritance of taillessness (anury) in the house mouse, GENETICS 21: 525 (1936). · DOI
  22. CHURCH, R.B., RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN REGENERATING AND EMBRYONIC LIVER .I. SYNTHESIS OF NEW SPECIES OF RNA DURING REGENERATION OF MOUSE LIVER AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 23: 459 (1967). · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(67)80118-9
  23. CHURCH, R.B., CHANGES IN NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC RNA IN REGENERATING MOUSE LIVER, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 58: 1548 (1967).
  24. CIVEN, M, RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN OVARY, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 114: 127 (1966). · doi:10.1016/0005-2787(66)90260-7
  25. CSAPO, A, ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 81: 453 (1959). · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49327.x
  26. DAHMUS, M.E., INCREASED TEMPLATE ACTIVITY OF LIVER CHROMATIN A RESULT OF HYDROCORTISONE ADMINISTRATION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 54: 1370 (1965).
  27. Davidson, E. H., Gene Activity in Early Development: 3 (1968).
  28. Davidson, E. H., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 63: 342 (1969).
  29. DAVIDSON, E.H., EVIDENCE FOR APPEARANCE OF NOVEL GENE PRODUCTS DURING AMPHIBIAN BLASTULATION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 60: 152 (1968).
  30. DELANGE, R.J., CALF AND PEA HISTONE 4 .I. AMINO ACID COMPOSITIONS AND IDENTICAL COOH-TERMINAL 19-RESIDUE SEQUENCE, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 243: 5906 (1968). · DOI
  31. DENIS, H, GENE EXPRESSION IN AMPHIBIAN DEVELOPMENT .2. RELEASE OF GENETIC INFORMATION IN GROWING EMBRYOS, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 22: 285 (1966). · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(66)90133-1
  32. Dixon M. Enzymes (1964). · doi:10.2307/1440848
  33. DUNN, L.C., GENETIC ANALYSIS OF 7 NEWLY DISCOVERED MUTANT ALLELES AT LOCUS-T IN THE HOUSE MOUSE, GENETICS 38: 261 (1953). · doi:10.1093/genetics/38.3.261
  34. EDELMAN, I.S., ON MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALDOSTERONE ON SODIUM TRANSPORT - ROLE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 50: 1169 (1963).
  35. EPSTEIN, C.J., PROGRESS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 4: 97 (1965).
  36. FAMBROUGH, D.M., SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY AND ROLE OF CYSTEINE IN PLANT AND ANIMAL ARGININE-RICH HISTONES, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 243: 4434 (1968). · DOI
  37. FARESE, R.V., INHIBITION OF ACTH-INDUCED CORTICOSTEROIDOGENESIS BY ACTINOMYCIN D, FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS 24: 306 (1965).
  38. FRENSTER, J.H., A MODEL OF SPECIFIC DE-REPRESSION WITHIN INTERPHASE CHROMATIN, NATURE 206: 1269 (1965). · doi:10.1038/2061269a0
  39. GLISIN, V.R., NATURE OF MESSENGER RNA IN EARLY STAGES OF SEA URCHIN DEVELOPMENT, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 56: 285 (1966).
  40. GREENGARD, O, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (BBA) - SPECIALIZED SECTION ON NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RELATED SUBJECTS 61: 652 (1962).
  41. GURDON, J.B., ADULT FROGS DERIVED FROM NUCLEI OF SINGLE SOMATIC CELLS, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 4: 256 (1962). · DOI · Paper page
  42. HADORN, S, BROOKHAVEN SYMPOSIUM IN BIOLOGY 18: 148 (1965).
  43. 10.1126/science.161.3842.649 · DOI
  44. HINEGARDNER, R, EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR DNA CONTENT IN TELEOST FISHES, AMERICAN NATURALIST 102: 517 (1968). · DOI · Paper page
  45. HNILICA, L.S., STUDIES ON NUCLEAR PROTEINS .I. OBSERVATIONS ON TISSUE AND SPECIES SPECIFICITY OF MODERATELY LYSINE-RICH HISTONE FRACTION 2B, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 117: 163 (1966). · doi:10.1016/0304-4165(66)90163-2
  46. HUANG, RCC, EFFECT OF PROTEIN-BOUND RNA ASSOCIATED WITH CHICK EMBRYO CHROMATIN ON TEMPLATE SPECIFICITY OF CHROMATIN, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 39: 365 (1969). · DOI
  47. JACOB, F, GENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 3: 318 (1961). · DOI · Paper page
  48. JOHNS, E.W., SPECIFICITY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HISTONES + DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID, NATURE 204: 853 (1964). · doi:10.1038/204853a0
  49. KAPPLER, H.A., FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS 24: 601 (1965).
  50. KENNY, G.T., PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 50: 493 (1963).
  51. Laird C. D. in press.
  52. LANDAUER, W, Studies on the Creeper fowl. III. The early development and lethal expression of homozygous Creeper embryos., JOURNAL OF GENETICS 25: 367 (1932). · doi:10.1007/bf02984597
  53. LAQUINS, R, ULTRASTRUCT RES 10: 578 (1964). · doi:10.1016/s0022-5320(64)80031-9
  54. 10.1016/0014-4827(52)90045-1 · doi:10.1016/0014-4827(52)90045-1
  55. Lewis, E. B., The Role of Chromosomes in Development: 231 (1964).
  56. LIAO, S, INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE ON TEMPLATE ACTIVITY OF PROSTATIC RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 240: 1236 (1965). · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)97566-6
  57. LIAO, S, DIFFERENTIAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN PROSTATIC NUCLEI - EVIDENCE FOR SELECTIVE GENE TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY ANDROGENS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 55: 1593 (1966).
  58. 10.1073/pnas.52.1.93 · DOI
  59. MAURER, H.R., SOME PROPERTIES OF A NUCLEAR BINDING SITE OF ESTRADIOL, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 27: 431 (1967). · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(67)90049-6
  60. MCCARTHY, B.J., IDENTITY OF DNA + DIVERSITY OF MESSENGER RNA MOLECULES IN NORMAL MOUSE TISSUES, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 52: 915 (1964).
  61. MCCLINTOCK, B, BROOKHAVEN SYMPOSIUM IN BIOLOGY 18: 162 (1965).
  62. MCCLINTOCK, B, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 1: 84 (1967).
  63. MEANS, A.R., EARLY ESTROGEN ACTION - CONCOMITANT STIMULATIONS WITHIN 2 MINUTES OF NUCLEAR RNA SYNTHESIS AND UPTAKE OF RNA PRECURSOR BY UTERUS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 56: 1594 (1966).
  64. Mirsky, A., Genetics in the Twentieth Century: 127 (1951).
  65. MIRSKY, A.E., HARVEY LECTURES: 98 (1950).
  66. MIRSKY, A.E., THE DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT OF ANIMAL CELLS AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE, JOURNAL OF GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY 34: 451 (1951). · DOI · Paper page
  67. MIYAGI, N, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 165: 147 (1967). · doi:10.1002/jez.1401650113
  68. Morgan T. H. Embryology and Genetics (1934). · DOI
  69. Mueller, G. C., Mechanism of Action of Steroid Hormones: 181 (1961).
  70. MURRAY, K, BASIC PROTEINS OF CELL NUCLEI, ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY 34: 209 (1965). · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.34.070165.001233
  71. NICOLETTE, J.A., EFFECT OF ESTRADIOL ON GLUCOSE-U-C14 METABOLISM IN RAT UTERUS, ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 107: 279 (1964). · DOI
  72. NOALL, M.W., EARLY STIMULATION BY ESTRADIOL OF AMINO ACID PENETRATION IN RABBIT UTERUS, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 236: 2987 (1961). · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)76415-1
  73. OGUR, M, THE NUCLEIC ACIDS IN A POLYPLOID SERIES OF SACCHAROMYCES, ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 40: 175 (1952). · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(52)90085-4
  74. OMALLEY, B.W., ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION DURING DIFFERENTIATION - POPULATION CHANGES IN HYBRIDIZABLE RNA AFTER STIMULATION OF CHICK OVIDUCT WITH OESTROGEN, NATURE 218: 1249 (1968). · doi:10.1038/2181249a0
  75. PAUL, J, ORGAN-SPECIFIC RESTRICTION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN MAMMALIAN CHROMATIN, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 34: 305 (1968). · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(68)90255-6
  76. PAUL, J, RESTRICTION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID TEMPLATE ACTIVITY IN CHROMATIN IS ORGAN-SPECIFIC, NATURE 210: 992 (1966). · doi:10.1038/210992a0
  77. Pincus, G., The Hormones: Physiology, Chemistry, and Applications 5: 787 (1964).
  78. PORTER, G.A., ON MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALDOSTERONE ON SODIUM TRANSPORT - ROLE OF RNA SYNTHESIS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 52: 1326 (1964).
  79. POULSON, D.F., CHROMOSOMAL CONTROL OF EMBRYOGENESIS IN DROSOPHILA, AMERICAN NATURALIST 79: 340 (1945). · doi:10.1086/281269
  80. 10.1126/science.144.3621.1019 · doi:10.1126/science.144.3621.1019
  81. 10.1085/jgp.33.2.125 · DOI
  82. Rouiller, C., The Liver: Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology 1: CH9 (1963).
  83. SCHMID, W, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 134: 80 (1967). · DOI
  84. SEXSMITH E THESIS U TORONTO (1968).
  85. SHEARER, R, EVIDENCE FOR RIBONUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES RESTRICTED TO CELL NUCLEUS, BIOCHEMISTRY 6: 283 (1967). · DOI
  86. SINOHARA, H, EFFECTS OF ESTRADIOL ON ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE METABOLISM IN OOPHORECTOMIZED RATS, ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 106: 138 (1964). · doi:10.1016/0003-9861(64)90166-3
  87. SOEIRO, R, RAPIDLY LABELED HELA CELL NUCLEAR RNA .2. BASE COMPOSITION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF A HETEROGENEOUS RNA FRACTION, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 19: 362 (1966). · DOI
  88. STEDMAN, E, CELL SPECIFICITY OF HISTONES, NATURE 166: 780 (1950). · doi:10.1038/166780a0
  89. TREWAVAS, A.J., PROGRESS IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1: 114 (1968).
  90. 10.1126/science.160.3832.1075 · doi:10.1126/science.160.3832.1075
  91. VENDRELY, R, COMPTES RENDUS DES SEANCES DE LA SOCIETE DE BIOLOGIE ET DE SES FILIALES 143: 1386 (1949).
  92. Waddington, D. H., New Patterns in Genetics and Development: CH6 (1962).
  93. WEBER, G, ROLE OF ENZYMES IN HOMEOSTASIS .7. EARLY EFFECTS OF CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES ON HEPATIC GLUCONEOGENIC ENZYMES RIBONUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM AND AMINO ACID LEVEL, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 240: 750 (1965). · DOI
  94. WEINBERG, R, SMALL MOLECULAR WEIGHT MONODISPERSE NUCLEAR RNA, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 38: 289 (1968). · DOI · Paper page
  95. WESSELS, N.K., ACTION OF ACTINOMYCIN D ON EXOCRINE PANCREAS CELL DIFFERENTIATION, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 13: 767 (1965). · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80142-5
  96. WHITELEY, A.H., CHANGING POPULATIONS OF MESSENGER RNA DURING SEA URCHIN DEVELOPMENT, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 55: 519 (1966).
  97. YAMADA, T, COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 28: 113 (1967).
  98. YOUNG, W.J., X-LINKED ELECTROPHORETIC VARIATION IN 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASE - IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, JOURNAL OF HEREDITY 57: 58 (1966). · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107466
  99. Zull, J. E., Science 149:183 (1965).

Cited by

See all 2,064

Metadata

Authors
Britten, R. J., & Davidson, E. H.
Venue
Science
Published
1969-07-25
Volume
165
Issue
3891
Pages
349-357
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
OpenAlex
W2010916267
Cited by
2,064
References
1
FWCI
43.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.