Cited by 1,306Stress Responses and CortisolMemory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Why Stress Is Bad for Your Brain

Sapolsky, Robert M.·1996·Science

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Several recent studies of humans correlate stress with atrophy of the hippocampus, an area of the brain required for memory and cognition. In his Perspective, Sapolsky argues that the underlying causal agent may be glucocorticoids secreted in abnormally high amounts under stressful conditions.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.273.5276.749

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
MUNCK, A., GUYRE, P. M., & HOLBROOK, N. J. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-25 · Cited by 3,083
Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression
Sheline, Y. I., Wang, P. W., Gado, M. H., Csernansky, J. G., & Vannier, M. W. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.9.3908 · Cited by 1,932
MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat- related posttraumatic stress disorder
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.7.973 · Cited by 1,610
Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates
Sapolsky, R., Uno, H., Rebert, C., & Finch, C. (1990) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-09-02897.1990 · Cited by 1,103
Effect of Neonatal Handling on Age-Related Impairments Associated with the Hippocampus
Meaney, M. J., Aitken, D. H., van Berkel, C., Bhatnagar, S., & Sapolsky, R. M. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3340858 · Cited by 1,074
Self-citation
Chronic Psychosocial Stress Causes Apical Dendritic Atrophy of Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neurons in Subordinate Tree Shrews
Magariños, A. M., McEwen, B. S., Flügge, G., & Fuchs, E. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-10-03534.1996 · Cited by 864
Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome
Starkman, M. N., Gebarski, S. S., Berent, S., & Schteingart, D. E. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90079-f · Cited by 840
Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates
Uno, H., Tarara, R., Else, J., Suleman, M., & Sapolsky, R. (1989) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-05-01705.1989 · Cited by 728
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in aged, cognitively impaired and cognitively unimpaired rats
Issa, A. M., Rowe, W. B., Gauthier, S. G., & Meaney, M. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-10-03247.1990 · Cited by 438
Neurological status of Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
Gurvits, T. V., Lasko, N. B., Schachter, S. C., Kuhne, A., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1993) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.5.2.183 · Cited by 109

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 12 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

BREMNER J, IN PRESS BIOL PSYCHI .
GURVITS T, IN PRESS BIOL PSYCHI .
STARKMAN M, COMMUNICATION .

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,000

Neural Foundations of Major Depression
Hamilton, J. P., Furman, D. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2011) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/b11232-4 · Cited by 9
Oxidized Milk Induces Spatial Learning and Memory Impairment by Altering Gut Microbiota in Offspring Mice during Pregnancy and Lactation
Zhao, C., Mo, L., Li, J., & Deng, Q. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02716 · Cited by 9
Personality predictors of cognitive dispersion: A coordinated analysis of data from seven international studies of older adults.
Yoneda, T. B., Marroig, A., Graham, E. K., Willroth, E. C., Watermeyer, T., Beck, E. D., Zelinski, E. M., Reynolds, C. A., Pedersen, N. L., Hofer, S. M., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000782 · Cited by 9
“High neuroticism contributes to cumulative susceptibility of psychological distress, as well as the associated damaging effects of consistent hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation (Sapolsky, 1996).”
Background
Neurologic Injury-Related Predisposing Factors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Examination
Gillam, W. B., V, Godbole, N. B., Sangam, S., DeTommaso, A., Foreman, M. A., & Lucke-Wold, B. P. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102732 · Cited by 9
“Only a decade later, he described the relevance this theory has to PTSD, whereby hyperactivation of this stress system in response to trauma could lead to cell death in the hippocampus and eventually cognitive dysfunction [35].”
Background
Introduction: Early adversity and brain development
Brummelte, S. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.041 · Cited by 9
Developmental care approaches for mitigating stress in preterm neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit: A systematic review.
Silva, N. D. F., Linhares, M. B. M., & Gaspardo, C. M. (2018) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000119 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, toxic stress that is experienced early in development, a period at which the brain is particularly sensitive to environmental influences, is related to a reduction of brain volume, dysregulation of the neuroendocrine system, and limbic dysfunction that involves such regions as the hippocampus and medial pref…”
Background
Child sex moderates the relationship between cortisol stress reactivity and symptoms over time
Daoust, A. R., Kotelnikova, Y., Kryski, K. R., Sheikh, H. I., Singh, S. M., & Hayden, E. P. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.009 · Cited by 10
Neurobiological Basis of Childhood Trauma and the Risk for Neurological Deficits Later in Life
Assogna, F., Piras, F., & Spalletta, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49414-8_18 · Cited by 11
Current Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Executive Functions
Maja, R. A., Kilshaw, R. E., García-Barrera, M. A., & Karr, J. E. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120979690 · Cited by 10
“It also aligns with prior neurobiological research showing HPA axis dysregulation in PTSD contributing to atrophy in the prefrontal cortex (De Bellis, Baum, et al., 1999; De Bellis, Keshavan, et al., 1999; Sapolsky, 1996; Shea e al., 2005; Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006), which is an area critical for executive functions (Ard…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion and Violence
Alcorta, C. S., & Sosis, R. H. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009238328 · Cited by 8
Institutional care as a risk for declarative memory development
Kroupina, M., Bauer, P. J., Gunnar, M. R., & Johnson, D. E. (2010) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374471-5.00006-4 · Cited by 9
Integrative Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie: Protektive Faktoren und Resilienzen in der diagnostischen und therapeutischen Praxis
Petzold, H. G., & Müller, L. (2004) · Psychotherapie Forum · doi:10.1007/s00729-004-0069-7 · Cited by 9
“Hyperstress kann nicht nur Gene, die neuronales Wachstum fördern, behindern (vgl. die Arbeiten von Sapolsky 1996; Bauer 2002; Schiepek 2003; Rüegg 2003), er kann auch zu Sensibilisierungen (kindling) des limbischen Systems führen und zu einer erhöhten Alarmbereitschaft der Amygdala beitragen (z.B.…”
Background
Regulation of nonclassical renin-angiotensin system receptor gene expression in the adrenal medulla by acute and repeated immobilization stress
Nostramo, R., Serova, L. I., Lauková, M., Tillinger, A., Peddu, C., & Sabban, E. L. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00130.2014 · Cited by 9
The time-dependent effect of lipopolysaccharide on kainic acid-induced neuronal death in hippocampal CA3 region: possible involvement of cytokines via glucocorticoid
Kwon, M., Seo, Y., Choi, S., Won, M., Lee, J.-K., Park, S.-H., Jung, J., Sim, Y., & Suh, H. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.060 · Cited by 9
Long-term autobiographical memory for legal involvement: Individual and sociocontextual predictors
Quas, J. A., Alexander, K. W., Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., Edelstein, R. S., & Redlich, A. D. (2010) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.08.005 · Cited by 10
“On the one hand, it is possible that the poorer memory of the legal case among individuals who endured a greater number of traumas is a result of exposure to chronic stress, which over time might lead to poorer cognitive and memory abilities generally (e.g., Sapolsky, 1996).”
Background
Problems meeting basic needs moderate the association between the APOE ϵ4 allele and cognitive decline
Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Corsentino, E. A., Collins, N., Sawyer, K., & Blazer, D. G. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860903421060 · Cited by 9
“Several recent studies of humans have correlated stress with atrophy of the hippocampus (Sapolsky, 1996).”
Background
Ameliorative Effect of Chronic Moderate Exercise in Smoke Exposed or Nicotine Applied Rats From Acute Stress
Bektaşoğlu, P. K., Bilgin, S., MENTEŞE, S. T., Tazegül, G., Ozgur, S., Cilingir, O. T., Akakın, D., Yarat, A., & Kasımay, Ö. (2014) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu182 · Cited by 10
El estrés crónico y la Terapia Cognitiva Centrada en Mindfulness: Una nueva dimensión en psiconeuroinmunología
Moscoso, M. S. (2010) · Persona · doi:10.26439/persona2010.n013.262 · Cited by 11
Integrating Neurological Findings with Transactional Analysis in Trauma Work: Linking “There and Then” Self States with “Here and Now” Ego States
Novak, E. T. (2008) · Transactional Analysis Journal · doi:10.1177/036215370803800405 · Cited by 9
Stress and Anxiety Disorders
Chen, C. V., George, S. A., & Liberzon, I. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803592-4.00079-1 · Cited by 10
Statistical differences in the white matter tracts in subjects with depression by using different skeletonized voxel-wise analysis approaches and DTI fitting procedures
Bergamino, M., Farmer, M., Yeh, H., Paul, E. R., & Hamilton, J. P. (2017) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.013 · Cited by 9
“Relatively recently, we have acquired methodological tools for understanding the biological substrates—and effects—of stress in the pathophysiology of depression (Sapolsky, 1996).”
Still more to learn about late-life cognitive development: How personality and health predict 20-year cognitive trajectories.
Wettstein, M., Wahl, H., Siebert, J., & Schröder, J. (2019) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000374 · Cited by 10
Influence of Dentures in Partial Denture Wearers on Brain Function
Shibuya, N. (2009) · Annals of Japan Prosthodontic Society · doi:10.2186/ajps.1.148 · Cited by 9
The effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on the stress response of adult mice
Planeta, C. S., Berliner, J. I., Russ, A., & Kosofsky, B. E. (2001) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033230 · Cited by 9
Anatomic Brain Imaging Studies of Normal and Abnormal Brain Development in Children and Adolescents
Giedd, J. N., Shaw, P., Wallace, G. L., Gogtay, N., & Lenroot, R. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939390.ch3 · Cited by 9
Anxiety
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Charney, D. S., & Bremner, J. D. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-227210-2/00028-5 · Cited by 9
Chronic stress, social support, and Alzheimer's blood‐based biomarkers in the HABS‐HD study
Lee, J. K., Johnson, L. A., Hall, J. R., Bateman, J. R., Barnes, L. L., O’Bryant, S. E., & Mielke, M. M. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70043 · Cited by 10
A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses: Volume 4: Stress
Marshall, G. N., Davis, L. M., & Sherbourne, C. D. (2000) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/mr1018.4-1 · Cited by 7
Resilience and Survival in Extreme Environments
Friedl, K. E., & Penetar, D. M. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420071788.ch7 · Cited by 9
Neural Plastic Effects of Working Memory Training Influenced by Self-perceived Stress in Stroke: A Case Illustration
Leung, A. W. S., Barrett, L. M., Butterworth, D., Werther, K., DAWSON, D. R., & Brintnell, E. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01266 · Cited by 8
“7:1266. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01266 Neural Plastic Effects of Working Memory Training Influenced by Self-perceived Stress in Stroke: A Case Illustration Ada W. S. Leung 1, 2, 3*, Lauren M. Barrett 1, Darcy Butterworth 4, Karin Werther 1, 4, Deirdre R. Dawson 3, 5 and E. Sharon Brintnell 1 1Department of Occupational…”
BackgroundInfluential
Folgen von Gewalterfahrungen
Herbst, G., Jaeger, U., Leichsenring, F., & Streeck-Fischer, A. (2009) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2009.58.8.610 · Cited by 7
Immune and Neuroendocrine Alterations in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Ironson, G. H., Cruess, D. G., & Kumar, M. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50031-9 · Cited by 8
Neuropsychologische Frührehabilitation
Hildebrandt, H., & Hildebrandt, H. (2002) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024//1016-264x.13.2.91 · Cited by 7
The Impact of Early Maternal Presence on Child Development and the Stress Response System
Mello, M. F., Serafim, P. M., Moraes, M. L., Miranda, A. M., Soussumi, Y., & Mello, A. F. (2011) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2011.10773673 · Cited by 9
“This reflects the findings obtained with laboratory rodents, where meaningful attention and contact with the newborn, as in licking and care-taking, produced protective and ameliorative effects on HPAaxis stress responses in adulthood (Liu et al., 1997; Sapolsky, 1996).”
Background
Higher Cortisol Values Facilitate Spatial Memory in Toddlers: Brief Report
Stansbury, K. E., Haley, D. W., & KOENEKER, A. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06744.x · Cited by 8
Inducing traumatic attachment in adults with a history of child abuse: forensic applications
de Zulueta, F. (2006) · The British Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/14636646200600015 · Cited by 8
Student Stress in High-Pressure College Preparatory Schools
Feld, L. D. (2011) · doi:10.14418/wes01.1.685 · Cited by 8
Imaging in CNS Disease States: PTSD
Bremner, J. D. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0134-7_21 · Cited by 7
The role of steroids in the prediction of affective disorders in adult men
Šrámková, M., Dušková, M., Hill, M., Bičı́ková, M., Řı́pová, D., Mohr, P., & Stárka, L. (2016) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.004 · Cited by 7
“In contrast, others may be associated with both neuroprotection and excitotoxicity, such as pregnenolone sulfate [16–18], or with neurodegeneration, such as glucocorticoids that induce hippocampal neural losses [19].”
Impact of Chronic Stress on the Spatial Learning and GR-PKAc-NF-κB Signaling in the Hippocampus and Cortex in Rats Following Cholinergic Depletion
Lee, S., Cho, W.-H., Lee, Y.-S., & Han, J. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0620-5 · Cited by 7
Towards A Better Understanding of Hypervigilance in Combat Veterans
Cameron, A., & Mamon, D. (2019) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2018.1526144 · Cited by 9
Hair cortisol concentrations predict change in girls’ depressive symptoms
Sandstrom, A., Daoust, A. R., Russell, E., Koren, G., & Hayden, E. P. (2020) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1774359 · Cited by 7
An analytical pathway of consumption expenditure with neighborhood deprivation and depression on cognitive health among elderly in India: A moderated mediation approach
Shaw, S., Jana, A., & Kundu, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.060 · Cited by 7
Behavioral, genetic and biochemical changes in the brain of the offspring of female mice treated with caffeine during pregnancy and lactation
Magenis, M. L., Damiani, A. P., Franca, I. B., de Marcos, P. S., Effting, P. S., Muller, A. P., Silveira, G. D. B., Corrêa, M. E. A. B., Medeiros, E. B., Silveira, P. C. L., et al. (2022) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.07.005 · Cited by 7
Environmental enrichment exposure restrains the neuronal damage induced by diabetes and stress in the motor cortex of rat brain
Pamidi, N., Nayak, B. S., Mohand, K. G., Sirasanagandla, S. R., & Madhav, N. (2014) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.4149/bll_2014_042 · Cited by 7
“Focusing to stress in life has been revealed to play a signi ﬁ cant role in the etiology of various psychiatric illnesses like depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety (Sapolsky, 1996, Heim et al, 1997, McEwen, 1998, Caspi et al, 2003).”
Prevalencia de síntomas neurológicos asociados a la fibromialgia
Gómez-Argüelles, J. M., & Anciones, B. (2009) · Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor · doi:10.1016/s1134-8046(09)71852-x · Cited by 7
Neurobiology of Early Life Stress in Women
Bremner, J. D., & Vaccarino, V. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09241-6_11 · Cited by 7
Association of Stressful Life Events with Dementia in North Indian Populations
Manoj, S., Nehra, A., Dalal, K., Sagar, R., & Tripathi, M. (2021) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/0028-3886.329601 · Cited by 7
Challenge episodes over middle age: A person-centered study of aging well in poor health
Helson, R., George, L. G., & John, O. P. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.004 · Cited by 7
The Culmulative Effects of Social Class on Mental Status Decline
Long, J. A., Ickovics, J. R., Gill, T. M., Horwitz, R. I., Gill, T. M., & Horwitz, R. I. (2001) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49198.x · Cited by 7
Project for a scientific psychopathology
Spitzer, M., & Casas, B. R. (1997) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-199709000-00013 · Cited by 7
The relationship between environment, corticosterone, food caching, spatial memory, and the hippocampus in chickadees
Витальевич, П. В. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569992.003.0003 · Cited by 7
Effect of mind/body training on children with behavioral and learning problems : a randomized controlled study
Chan, A., Cheung, M., & Sze, S. (2018) · PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) · Cited by 7
Cytokines, Stress, and Depression
Leonard, B. E., & Song, C. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373947-6.00111-2 · Cited by 7
Interventions to Reduce Anxiety for Gifted Children and Adolescents
Gaesser, A. H. (2014) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 7
Adrenocortical Responses to Stress and Their Modulation in Free‐Living Vertebrates
Wingfield, J. C., & Romero, L. M. (2000) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2000.tb01516.x · Cited by 6
“Over several weeks there is a decrease in hippocampal dendrites and over months of exposure this effect can become permanent (140).”
Acute and Lifetime Stress and Psychotic Illness: The Roles of Reward and Salience Networks
Nudelman, J. L., & Waltz, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20220012 · Cited by 7
“Affective reactivity to acute stressors recruits numerous neural and endocrine systems, with widespread downstream effects [30,31].”
Background
Prevalence of hyperinsulinaemia among normozoospermic donors at Medfem Clinic, South Africa
Bosman, E., Esterhuizen, A. D., Rodrigues, F. A., Becker, P., & Hoffmann, W. A. (2012) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01303.x · Cited by 6
“Tobacco smoking has been found to increase insulin resistance (Facchini et al., 1992; Kong et al., 2001), while chronic stress has been suggested to promote insulin resistance by increasing adrenalin and cortisol levels (Sapolsky, 1996).”
Background
La teoría del estrés crónico como modelo científico en neurociencia cognitiva
Moscoso, M. S., & Delgado, E. (2016) · Revista de Investigación en Psicología · doi:10.15381/rinvp.v18i1.11786 · Cited by 6
Endogenous opioids, stress, and psychopathology
Hebb, A. L. O., Laforest, S., & Drolet, G. (2005) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80031-8 · Cited by 6
Influence of male hyperinsulinaemia on IVF outcome
Bosman, E., Esterhuizen, A. D., Rodrigues, F. A., Becker, P., & Hoffmann, W. A. (2014) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12227 · Cited by 6
Prevalence of Life Style Drugs Usage and Perceived Effects among University Students in Dar es Salaam
Mwambete, K. D., & Shemsika, T. (2014) · American Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.12691/ajbr-2-2-3 · Cited by 6
“[14,15] Thus, now medicine/drugs serve as a remedy for improving academic performance or memory, sex life and mood changing.”
Background
Issues in Eyewitness Testimony
Ghetti, S., Schaaf, J. M., Qin, J., & Goodman, G. S. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012524196-0/50023-1 · Cited by 6
Neonatal- maternal separation primes zymogenic cells in the rat gastric mucosa through glucocorticoid receptor activity
Ogias, D., Rattes, I. C., Hosoya, L. Y. M., Zulian, J. G., Yan, C. Y. I., & Gama, P. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28223-1 · Cited by 6
An IL-6 receptor antagonist attenuates postpartum anhedonia, but has no effect on anhedonia precipitated by subchronic stress in female rats
Gomez, J., Haas, N. A., & Schwarz, J. M. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05194-3 · Cited by 6
Chapter 4.1 Ethological approaches in behavioral neurogenetic research
Gerlai, R. T. (1999) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(99)80047-9 · Cited by 6
Chapter 2 Corticosteroid hormones and neuronal vulnerability: Towards identification of candidate vulnerability genes
Vreugdenhil, E., & de Kloet, E. R. (1998) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64003-0 · Cited by 6
Uncloaking the Magician: Contributions of Comparative Psychology to Understanding Animal Training
Young, R. J. (2002) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/c47g75 · Cited by 6
Optimizing Expression of the Common Human Genome for Child Development
Brown, B. (1999) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00009 · Cited by 6
“High stress-related cortisol levels damage the brain’s hippocampus (Sapolsky, 1996) and slow body growth (Wilson & Foster, 1985).”
Background
Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
Raskind, M. A., Wilkinson, C. W., & Peskind, E. R. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50105-0 · Cited by 6
Stress and Anxiety Disorders
Young, E. A., & Liberzon, I. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50098-6 · Cited by 6
Hippocampal volume mediates the relationship of parental rejection in childhood with social cognition in healthy adults
Kawamoto, M., Takagishi, H., Ishihara, T., Takagi, S., Ryota Kanai, C., Sugihara, G., Takahashi, H., & Matsuda, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46512-2 · Cited by 5
Pränatale Entwicklung und neurobiologische Grundlagen der psychischen Entwicklung
Roth, G., & Strüber, N. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20296-4_1 · Cited by 5
Genomic structural variation in affective, anxiety, and stress-related disorders
Ono, S., Domschke, K., & Deckert, J. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1309-9 · Cited by 6
Up-regulation of immunoglobulin G gene expression in the hippocampus of rats subjected to acute immobilization stress
Wang, S., Huang, G., Wang, Y., Huang, T., Lin, S., & Gu, J. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.02.003 · Cited by 5
“Dysfunction of hippocampus was shown to result in neuropsychological diseases including major depression and bipolar disorders (Sapolsky, 1996).”
Ansiedad social subclínica en adultos jóvenes sanos: cortisol y ansiedad subjetiva en respuesta a estrés agudo
Fructuoso, M. M., Molina‐Rodríguez, S., Villada, C., Hidalgo, V., & Salvadoir, A. (2021) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.483411 · Cited by 5
“…suggest the existence of a deregulated HPA axis response to stress in young people with subclinical social anxiety compared to individuals with less social anxiety, which warns us about the possible impact this could have on health in this population (Lundberg, 2005; McEwen, 1998; Sapolsky, 1996).”
Background
Fibromyalgie
Späth, M. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie · doi:10.1007/s00393-011-0783-9 · Cited by 5
Early-Life Stress Drives the Molecular Mechanisms Shaping the Adult Phenotype
Huber, S., Costantini, D., Houdelier, C., & Marasco, V. (2022) · Fascinating life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90131-8_4 · Cited by 5
Fibromyalgia and related syndromes
Clauw, D. J. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00077-4 · Cited by 5
Multimodal Stress Assessment in Working and Learning Contexts Using Physiological, Observational and Experience-Based Data
Kärner, T., & Sembill, D. (2022) · Professional and practice-based learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08518-5_6 · Cited by 6
Hysterical Girls: Combat Trauma as a Feminist Issue
McDonald, M. (2018) · International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics · doi:10.3138/ijfab.11.1.3 · Cited by 5
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Dissociative Disorders
McNally, R. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197542521.003.0009 · Cited by 5
Long-lasting effects of childhood abuse on neurobiology
Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Lanius, R. A. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511777042.020 · Cited by 6
New views on the course and treatment of schizophrenia
Carpenter, W. T. (1998) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(97)00037-x · Cited by 5
Pathophysiologische und neuropsychologische Aspekte depressiver Störungen
Beblo, T., & Herrmann, M. (2001) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024//1016-264x.12.4.264 · Cited by 5
Neurobiological Foundations of Stress
Foy, M. R., Kim, J. J., Shors, T. J., & Thompson, R. F. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-952-4:037 · Cited by 5
Zur Natur des ?Sechsten Sinnes?
G�tzmann, L., & Holzapfel, M. (2003) · Forum der Psychoanalyse · doi:10.1007/s00451-003-0169-y · Cited by 5
Deleterious and Salutary Effects of Steroid Hormones in the Nervous System Possible Mediating Cellular Mechanisms
Sapolsky, R. M. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/0-89603-473-9:259 · Cited by 5
The Progression of Holism Into Postgraduate Curricula in Critical Care Nursing
Lane, P., O'Brien, Ú., Gooney, M., & Reid, T. (2005) · Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1097/00003465-200505000-00007 · Cited by 5
Neurotrophic Factors in Etiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders
Duman, R. S. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470101001.hcn019 · Cited by 5
Stress in senior computer interaction
Nap, H. H. (2008) · TU/e Research Portal · doi:10.6100/ir633490 · Cited by 5
Aggression from a Psychobiological Perspective
Nussbaum, D. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119315933.ch16 · Cited by 5
Inflammatory Abnormalities in Major Depressive Disorder
Singhal, G., & Baune, B. T. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-58131-8.00006-9 · Cited by 4
Towards the Development of Speech-Based Measures of Stress Response in Individuals
Bhatia, A., Miyatsu, T., & Pirolli, P. (2021) · Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.clpsych-1.21 · Cited by 3
“, an approaching deadline, an interview not going well, a combat situation, or extreme temperatures, can have an impact on an individual due to various (maladaptive) physiological and mental processes (Yaribeygi et al., 2017; Sapolsky, 1996).”
Background
History of childhood mistreatment and the psychological health consequences of COVID-19 for older adults
Bruefach, T., Carr, D. C., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2084713 · Cited by 4
“Early life traumas are shown to impact children’s neurological functioning (Sapolsky, 1996) and interfere with their abilities to cope with major stressful events (Finzi-Dottan & Karu, 2006).”
Background
Sex in aging matters: exercise and chronic stress differentially impact females and males across the lifespan
Sullens, D. G., Gilley, K., Moraglia, L. E., Dison, S., Hoffman, J. T., Wiffler, M. B., Barnes, R. C., Ginty, A. T., & Sekeres, M. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1508801 · Cited by 4
Adaptive strategies of maltreated children
Révész, G. (2013) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/mpszle.68.2013.1.7 · Cited by 4
Grandir « retiré » de sa famille : quelques enjeux cliniques et institutionnels concernant les enfants et les adolescents placés
Bronsard, G., & Bruneau, N. (2016) · Revue de l'enfance et de l'adolescence · doi:10.3917/read.093.0075 · Cited by 4
Correlation of Parkinson's disease severity and duration with123I-FP-CIT SPECT striatal uptake
Benamer, H. T. S., Patterson, J., Wyper, D. J., Hadley, D. M., Macphee, G. J. A., & Grosset, D. G. (2000) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/1531-8257(200007)15:4
A unifying hypothesis of alzheimer’s disease: III—Risk factors
Heininger, K. (2000) · Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(200001)15:1

Authors: Sapolsky, R. M.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Sapolsky, Robert M.
ORCID: Sapolsky, Robert M.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1996-08-09
Volume: 273
Issue: 5276
Pages: 749-750
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5276.749
OpenAlex: W1994048221
Cited by: 1,306
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 24.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: stress, hippocampal atrophy, glucocorticoids, memory, cognition, neurodegeneration, stress hormones
MeSH terms: Animals, Atrophy, Brain, Cushing Syndrome, Depressive Disorder, Female, Glucocorticoids, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Stress, Physiological, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Causality

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Why Stress Is Bad for Your Brain

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks