Cited by 358Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Wakefulness ResearchHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Use of 14 C-Labeled Deoxyglucose Uptake as a Functional Marker

Schwartz, William J., Gainer, Harold·1977·Science

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Abstract

Glucose consumption of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was studied under various experimental conditions by means of the [ 14 C]deoxyglucose (DG) technique. The results show that glucose consumption of the SCN, in contrast to other brain structures, is a function of both the time of day and environmental lighting conditions. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the SCN have an essential role in circadian rhythm regulation and indicate that the DG technique may provide a novel approach for the study of the central neural mechanisms underlying circadian rhythm regulation.

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THE [ 14 C]DEOXYGLUCOSE METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION: THEORY, PROCEDURE, AND NORMAL VALUES IN THE CONSCIOUS AND ANESTHETIZED ALBINO RAT 1
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Moore, R. Y., & Eichler, V. B. (1972) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90054-6 · Cited by 2,135

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“…the appearance of a network in which immunoreactivity is seen throughout the SCN. Interestingly, there is a rhythm of SCN glucose consumption in both rats and hamsters (Lavialle and Servière, 1993; Schwartz and Gainer, 1977), reflecting energy utilization, and consumption is lowest in the night.”
Background
A circadian rhythm of somatostatin messenger RNA levels, but not of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine messenger RNA levels in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
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“Schwarz and Gainer (1977) have reported that the uptake of deoxyglucose in the SCN is twice as great in the daytime than that at night whereas other areas in the brain did not show any significant diurnal differences in their uptake of deoxyglucose.”
Background
The deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local glucose utilization and the mapping of local functional activity in the central nervous system.
Sokoloff, L. (1981) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60296-2 · Cited by 69
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Background
The 2-Deoxyglucose Method
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“While high mM concentrations 2-DG inhibits cellular metabolism in vitro [27], and high dosages of 2-DG can affect circadian clock light sensitivity in vivo [28], the concentrations of (14)C-2DG employed here (8 mM) and elsewhere in vitro [10,21], and dosages employed for metabolic markers in vivo have no effect on met…”
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“These studies were extended to demonstrate circadian oscillations in fetal SCN metabolic activity (Reppert and Schwartz, 1983) and were subsequently taken in vitro (Newman and Hospod, 1986).”
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Casein kinase 2, circadian clocks, and the flight from mutagenic light
Allada, R., & Meissner, R.-A. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-005-2943-1 · Cited by 45
Circadian rhythm of adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate content in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in the rat.
Murakami, N., & Takahashi, K. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90737-0 · Cited by 47
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Modifications of retinal afferent activity induce changes in astroglial plasticity in the hamster circadian clock
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“Studies in which 2-deoxyglucose has been used to measure metabolic activity have indicated that a circadian clock also regulates metabolic activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (Schwartz & Gainer, 1977).”
Method
Diurnal modulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase and spontaneous firing in the rat retinorecipient clock neurons.
Wang, H.-Y., & Huang, R.-C. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00061.2004 · Cited by 44
“Incidentally , daily rhythms in glucose uptake ( Schwartz and Gainer 1977 ; Newman et al .”
The metabolism of phospholipids oscillates rhythmically in cultures of fibroblasts and is regulated by the clock protein PERIOD 1
Marquez, S., Crespo, P. M., Carlini, V. P., Garbarino‐Pico, E., Baler, R., Caputto, B. L., & Guido, M. E. (2004) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-0417fje · Cited by 41
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Collins, R. C., Santori, E., Der, T., Toga, A., & Lothman, E. (1986) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.06-02-00448.1986 · Cited by 43
“In general, most workers agree that glucose utilization increases in stimulated sites in response to energy needs for restoring membrane ion homeostasis (Collins, 1978a; Mata et al., 1980; Schwartz and Gainer, 1977; for review, see Sokoloff, 1984).”
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Minors, D., & Waterhouse, J. M. (1986) · Experientia · doi:10.1007/bf01975875 · Cited by 37
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“In fact, studies in which 2-deoxyglucose has been used to measure metabolic activity have indicated that a circadian clock regulates metabolic activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (Schwartz and Gainer 1977).”
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“…daily rhythm of multiunit electrical and metabolic activity in the SCN (Flood and Gibbs, 1982; Green and Gillette, 1982; Groos and Hendriks, 1982; Schwartz and Gainer, 1977; Schwartz et al., 1980; Shibata et al., 1982) and the daily rhythm of vasopressin release from SCN terminals (Schwartz and…”
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Effects of calcium ions on glucose utilization in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro.
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An in vitro circadian rhythm of melatonin sensitivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus.
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Central depressants rapidly reduce nocturnal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the rat pineal gland.
Zatz, M., & Brownstein, M. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90437-2 · Cited by 26
Circadian variation in GFAP immunoreactivity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus
Santos, J., Araújo, J. F., Cunha, M., Costa, S. D. O., Barbosa, A., Mesquita, J., & Costa, M. S. M. D. O. (2005) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291010400028906 · Cited by 32
“Besides that, the utilization of glucose in the SCN is higher during the light phase and relatively lower during the dark phase, independently of the animal being diurnal or nocturnal (Schwartz & Gainer, 1977; Schwartz, 1991).”
Background
Increase of multiple unit activity during slow wave sleep in the cat preoptic area.
Ogawa, Y., & Kawamura, H. (1988) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90108-6 · Cited by 25
Electrophysiological studies of the development of suprachiasmatic neuronal activity in hypothalamic slice preparations.
Shibata, S., Oomura, Y., Liou, S., & Ueki, S. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(84)90074-9 · Cited by 25
Neuroanatomical Organization and Connections of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Sofroniew, M., & Weindl, A. (1982) · Proceedings in life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-68651-1_8 · Cited by 25
Brain circadian clocks timing the 24h rhythms of behavior
Mendoza, J. (2025) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-025-00030-8 · Cited by 24
Opposite effects of morphine on feeding and drinking in rats relative to administration time.
Kunihara, M., Kanbayashi, M., & Ohshima, T. (1983) · Japanese Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1254/jjp.33.829 · Cited by 24
Circadian redox rhythms in the regulation of neuronal excitability
Bothwell, M. Y., & Gillette, M. U. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.025 · Cited by 23
“In addition, glucose utilization in the SCN is rhythmic, with the highest level of uptake in the subjective day when SCN neuronal activity peaks [56].”
Background
Effect of Light During Lactation on the Phasic and Tonic Responses of the Rat Pacemaker
Canal-Corretger, M. M., Cambras, T., & Díez-Noguera, A. (2003) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120017690 · Cited by 23
“Although the neurones of the SCN show a circadian rhythm even before birth (Schwartz and Gainer, 1977), the rhythms in most functions take longer to become clearly discernible.”
Background
Tracing SCN graft efferents with Dil.
Canbeyli, R., Lehman, M., & Silver, R. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90166-s · Cited by 23
The nature and magnitude of in vivo 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid output from 5-hydroxytryptamine terminals is related to specific regions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Ramirez, A. D., Ramirez, V. D., & Meyer, D. C. (1987) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000124857 · Cited by 23
Circadian rhythm in metabolic activity of suprachiasmatic, supraoptic and raphe nuclei.
Rosenwasser, A., Trubowitsch, G., & Adler, N. (1985) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(85)90161-2 · Cited by 23
Effects of constant bright illumination on reproductive processes in the female rat.
Schwartz, S. (1982) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(82)90049-5 · Cited by 23
Measurement of Local Glucose Utilization in the Central Nervous System and Its Relationship to Local Functional Activity
Sokoloff, L. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4367-7_9 · Cited by 23
The neural circadian system of mammals
Piggins, H. D., & Guilding, C. (2011) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0490001 · Cited by 24
“(i) Metabolic measurements in vivo demonstrate a pronounced day–night rhythm in SCN metabolic activity, with 2-deoxyglucose uptake being much higher during the day than during the night [6].”
Background
Effects of partial destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei on two circadian parameters: wheel-running activity and short-day induced testicular regression
Pickard, G. E., & Turek, F. (1985) · Journal of Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00610832 · Cited by 22
“Under entrained conditions, the phase of the peak firing rate of the entire SCN circadian system is synchronized by neural inputs from the retina (Hendrickson et al. 1972; Moore 1973; Pickard 1982) resulting in maximal SCN activity during the day ( Schwartz and Gainer 1977; Schwartz et al. 1980; Shibata et al. 1982; G…”
Retinohypothalamic Projections and the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Teleost Brain
Holmqvist, B., Östholm, T., & Ekström, P. (1992) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3042-8_19 · Cited by 22
Brain Circadian Oscillators and Redox Regulation in Mammals
Gillette, M. U., & Wang, T. A. (2013) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5598 · Cited by 18
“Early functional measures of SCN circadian rhythmicity evaluated energy metabolism based on uptake of tracer amounts of 2-deoxy[1-14C]glucose (21, 69).”
In vivo metabolic activity of the suprachiasmatic nuclei: non-uniform intranuclear distribution of 14C-labeled deoxyglucose uptake
Schwartz, W. J., Lydic, R., & Moore‐Ede, M. C. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91468-5 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Species difference in circadian [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake by suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Flood, D., & Gibbs, F. P. (1982) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90626-6 · Cited by 21
Maturation of the clock-timed gonadotropin release mechanism in hamsters: a key event in the pubertal process?
Smith, S. G., & Stetson, M. H. (1980) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-107-5-1334 · Cited by 21
A route for direct retinal input to the preoptic hypothalamus: dendritic projections into the optic chiasm.
Silver, J., & Brand, S. (1979) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001550308 · Cited by 21
Chronobiology of Depression
von Zerssen, D. (1983) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69129-4_16 · Cited by 21

Authors: Schwartz, W. J., & Gainer, H.
Affiliations: Neurology, Inc (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Schwartz, William J.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 1977-09-09
Volume: 197
Issue: 4308
Pages: 1089-1091
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.887940
OpenAlex: W2036301926
Cited by: 358
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 5.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: suprachiasmatic nucleus, glucose utilization, circadian regulation, circadian rhythm, light exposure, time of day, brain glucose metabolism
MeSH terms: Animals, Autoradiography, Circadian Rhythm, Deoxy Sugars, Deoxyglucose, Female, Glucose, Hypothalamus, Light, Supraoptic Nucleus, Rats

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Use of 14 C-Labeled Deoxyglucose Uptake as a Functional Marker

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