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Maternal immune activation: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological evidence implicates maternal infection as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Animal models corroborate this link and demonstrate that maternal immune activation (MIA) alone is sufficient to impart lifelong neuropathology and altered behaviors in offspring. This Review describes common principles revealed by these models, highlighting recent findings that strengthen their relevance for schizophrenia and autism and are starting to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of MIA on offspring. The role of MIA as a primer for a much wider range of psychiatric and neurologic disorders is also discussed. Finally, the need for more research in this nascent field and the implications for identifying and developing new treatments for individuals at heightened risk for neuroimmune disorders are considered.
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In the citing paper
“Current MIA ASD models expose developing rodent pups to bacterial or viral mimetics [126] to elicit strong immune responses.”
From The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype (2019) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“MIA can be induced experimentally via immunogens, such as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).”
From Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“MIA-induced disruption may work in a manner similar in directionality to rare highly penetrant ASD mutations, and may act as ‘priming’27, 28, 29, 30 or fetal programming21, 22 mechanisms that enhance risk of later developing ASD.”
From Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Alterations of the host immune responses by gut microbiota are closely linked to ASD-related symptoms.”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [65]
In the citing paper
“The implicated cytokine pathways include, and not limited to, IL-5, IL-15, IL-17, IL-17a, IL-10, IL-1b, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IFNγ [12, 18, 65, 66].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [65]
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Lemoine, M., & Pradeu, T. (2018) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00015.2018 · Cited by 41
“An example is provided by studies of interactions between the immune and neurological systems in the onset of mental disorders (26, 33, 38).”
Han, V. X., Jones, H. F., Patel, S., Mohammad, S. S., Hofer, M. J., Alshammery, S., Maple-Brown, E., Gold, W. A., Brilot, F., & Dale, R. C. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.09.009 · Cited by 41
The GABA Developmental Shift Is Abolished by Maternal Immune Activation Already at Birth
Fernandez, A., Dumon, C., Guimond, D., Tyzio, R., Bonifazi, P., Lozovaya, N., Burnashev, N., Ferrari, D. C., & Ben‐Ari, Y. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy279 · Cited by 42
From Infection to the Microbiome: An Evolving Role of Microbes in Schizophrenia
Severance, E. G., & Yolken, R. H. (2019) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2018_84 · Cited by 40
Hashimoto, K. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1063-7 · Cited by 39
Viral Infections and Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review
Kotsiri, I., Resta, P., Spyrantis, A., Panotopoulos, C., Chaniotis, D. I., Beloukas, A. I., & Magiorkinis, E. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15061345 · Cited by 40
Schizophrenia, a disease of impaired dynamic metabolic flexibility: A new mechanistic framework
Sarnyai, Z., & Ben‐Shachar, D. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116220 · Cited by 39
“Maternal viral and bacterial infection, and resulting immune activation, has been identified as an important risk factor for schizophrenia (Brown and Meyer 2018; Estes and McAllister 2016).”
BackgroundCrosstalk between the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems in immunotoxicology
MANLEY, K. M., Han, W., Zelin, G., & Lawrence, D. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2017.12.003 · Cited by 38
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“Previous research in MIA animal models reproduced many of the core ASD and SZ symptoms showing important construct, face and predictive validity to the model (Meyer, 2014; Estes and McAllister, 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEndogenous Retroviruses Activity as a Molecular Signature of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Balestrieri, E., Matteucci, C., Cipriani, C., Grelli, S., Ricceri, L., Calamandrei, G., & Vallebona, P. S. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20236050 · Cited by 38
Chen, H., Chen, C., Mandhani, N., Short-Miller, J. C., Smucker, M. R., Sun, Y., & Kuan, C.-Y. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1171-20.2020 · Cited by 40
“Likewise, the pathogenesis of ASD involves complex interactions of genetic, immune, and environmental factors (Geschwind, 2009; De Rubeis et al., 2014; Estes and McAllister, 2016).”
BackgroundAbruzzo, P. M., Panisi, C., & Marini, M. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081316 · Cited by 41
“This effect, likely mediated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, which downregulates the transcription of KCC2, is particularly relevant because MIA is one of the more promising murine models of Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) [41], but has also been linked to enhanced risk of schizophrenia in humans [42].”
BackgroundSequential perturbations to mouse corticogenesis following in utero maternal immune activation
Canales, C. P., Estes, M. L., Cichewicz, K., Angara, K., Aboubechara, J. P., Cameron, S., Prendergast, K., Su-Feher, L., Zdilar, I., Kreun, E. J., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.60100 · Cited by 43
Self-citationNour‐Eldine, W., Ltaief, S. M., Manaph, N. P. A., & Al‐Shammari, A. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.950275 · Cited by 40
Batorsky, R., Ceasrine, A. M., Shook, L. L., Kışlal, S., Bordt, E. A., Devlin, B. A., Perlis, R. H., Slonim, D. K., Bilbo, S. D., & Edlow, A. G. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114326 · Cited by 38
Consequences of gestational diabetes to the brain and behavior of the offspring
Sousa, R. A. L. D., TORRES, Y. S., Figueiredo, C. P., Passos, G. F., & Clarke, J. R. (2017) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720170264 · Cited by 41
T he microglial reaction signature revealed by RNA seq from individual mice
Hirbec, H., Marmai, C., Duroux-Richard, I., Roubert, C., Esclangon, A., Croze, S., Lachuer, J., Peyroutou, R., & Rassendren, F. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23295 · Cited by 39
“…for which cell surface markers are available and have been used for purification and genome-wide transcriptome profiling (Bennett et al., 2016; Beutner et al., 2013; Butovsky et al., 2014; Chiu et al., 2013; Gautier et al., 2012; Hickman et al., 2013; Srinivasan et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodThe role of microbiota in autism spectrum disorders
Campion, D., Ponzo, P., Alessandria, C., Saracco, G. M., & Balzola, F. A. (2018) · Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica · doi:10.23736/s1121-421x.18.02493-5 · Cited by 40
“MIA offspring show abnormal communication and sociability, repetitive behaviors and increased anxiety.(20)”
BackgroundDeciphering microbiome and neuroactive immune gene interactions in schizophrenia
Severance, E. G., & Yolken, R. H. (2018) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.016 · Cited by 41
Openshaw, R. L., Kwon, J., McColl, A., Penninger, J. M., Cavanagh, J., Pratt, J. A., & MORRIS, B. J. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1408-5 · Cited by 36
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Astrocytes and Microglia in Stress-Induced Neuroinflammation: The African Perspective
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Maternal Overnutrition Programs Central Inflammation and Addiction-Like Behavior in Offspring
Montalvo-Martínez, L., Maldonado‐Ruiz, R., Cárdenas‐Tueme, M., Reséndez‐Pérez, D., & Camacho‐Morales, A. (2018) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2018/8061389 · Cited by 42
“Substantial scientific evidence has shown that neuroinflammation commands changes in cerebral plasticity and influences synaptic function andmemory [72].”
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The impact of (ab)normal maternal environment on cortical development
Vasistha, N. A., & Khodosevich, K. (2021) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102054 · Cited by 38
Hasegawa, Y., Ma, M., Sawa, A., Lane, A. P., & Kamiya, A. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02081-y · Cited by 40
Cipriani, C., Ricceri, L., Matteucci, C., Felice, A. D., Tartaglione, A. M., Argaw-Denboba, A., Pica, F., Grelli, S., Calamandrei, G., Vallebona, P. S., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-19035-w · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Estes, M. L., & McAllister, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- McAllister, A. Kimberley
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2016-08-19
- Volume
- 353
- Issue
- 6301
- Pages
- 772-777
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5650490
- OpenAlex
- W2515897135
- Semantic Scholar
- 70e346df06748a0e6435133309a1011e2a43f998
- Cited by
- 1,206
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 158 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01-NS060125-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50-MH106438-01)
- Simons Foundation (321998)
- University of California Davis Research Investments in Science and Engineering Program
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- maternal immune activation, maternal infection, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, neuropsychiatric disorders, animal models, neuropathology, neuroimmunological diseases, molecular mechanisms, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Animals, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Immune System, Immune System Diseases, Mothers, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Gastrointestinal Tract, Young Adult
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