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Cited by 37Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and Cortisol

Astrocytes and Microglia in Stress-Induced Neuroinflammation: The African Perspective

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Olude, Matthew Ayokunle, Mouihate, Abdeslam, Mustapha, Oluwaseun Ahmed, Farina, Cinthia, Quintana, Francisco Javier, Olopade, James Olukayode·2022·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795089PMC PMC9190229
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Abstract

Background:Africa is laden with a youthful population, vast mineral resources and rich fauna. However, decades of unfortunate historical, sociocultural and leadership challenges make the continent a hotspot for poverty, indoor and outdoor pollutants with attendant stress factors such as violence, malnutrition, infectious outbreaks and psychological perturbations. The burden of these stressors initiate neuroinflammatory responses but the pattern and mechanisms of glial activation in these scenarios are yet to be properly elucidated. Africa is therefore most vulnerable to neurological stressors when placed against a backdrop of demographics that favor explosive childbearing, a vast population of unemployed youths making up a projected 42% of global youth population by 2030, repressive sociocultural policies towards women, poor access to healthcare, malnutrition, rapid urbanization, climate change and pollution. Early life stress, whether physical or psychological, induces neuroinflammatory response in developing nervous system and consequently leads to the emergence of mental health problems during adulthood. Brain inflammatory response is driven largely by inflammatory mediators released by glial cells; namely astrocytes and microglia. These inflammatory mediators alter the developmental trajectory of fetal and neonatal brain and results in long-lasting maladaptive behaviors and cognitive deficits. This review seeks to highlight the patterns and mechanisms of stressors such as poverty, developmental stress, environmental pollutions as well as malnutrition stress on astrocytes and microglia in neuroinflammation within the African context.

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  • Microglia play a pivotal role by releasing factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and C1q, which trigger astrogliosis.

    “Microglia play a pivotal role by releasing factors such as tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and complement component 1q (C1q), which trigger astrogliosis (9, 15, 16).”

    From Varicose projection astrocytes: Conserved reactive cells in brain pathology (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

    The Introduction’s “Astrocytes and Microglia Cross-Talk” section says microglia produce TNF-α and C1q that act on astrocytes to induce a neurotoxic phenotype. It identifies the third factor as IL-1α, not the claimed IL-1β, and describes neurotoxic activity rather than astrogliosis. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The study accounted for established pathways of astrocyte-microglia cross-talk by using direct cytokine stimulation in 2D cultures lacking microglia and LPS-induced microglial activation in organoids.

    “Our approach accounted for established pathways of astrocyte-microglia cross-talk (8, 9, 15, 40), using direct cytokine stimulation (TNF-α and IL-1β) in 2D cultures lacking microglia and LPS-induced microglial activation in organoids (41)”

    From Varicose projection astrocytes: Conserved reactive cells in brain pathology (2026) · cites this paper as [15]

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Authors
Olude, M. A., Mouihate, A., Mustapha, O. A., Farina, C., Quintana, F. J., & Olopade, J. O.
Affiliations
  • Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (NG)
  • Kuwait University (KW)
  • IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • University of Ibadan (NG)
Corresponding author
Olude, Matthew Ayokunle
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-05-30
Volume
13
Pages
795089-795089
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2022.795089
PMC
PMC9190229
OpenAlex
W4281705850
Cited by
37
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5
FWCI
0.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (2016/R/14)
  • Kuwait University (YM04/21, YM11/17)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
astrocytes, microglia, neuroinflammation, stress, early life stress, poverty, malnutrition, environmental pollution, developmental stress, glial activation, African context, mental health, cognitive impairment, brain development
MeSH terms
Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Adolescent, Adult, Astrocytes, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Inflammation, Microglia, Inflammation Mediators, Malnutrition

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