Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway?
Open accessAbstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence highlights an important role of the gut–brain–microbiome axis in the pathogenesis of ASD. Research indicates an abnormal composition of the gut microbiome and the potential involvement of bacterial molecules in neuroinflammation and brain development disruptions. Concurrently, attention is directed towards the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and impaired intestinal tightness. This comprehensive review emphasizes the potential impact of maternal gut microbiota changes on the development of autism in children, especially considering maternal immune activation (MIA). The following paper evaluates the impact of the birth route on the colonization of the child with bacteria in the first weeks of life. Furthermore, it explores the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-17a and mother’s obesity as potentially environmental factors of ASD. The purpose of this review is to advance our understanding of ASD pathogenesis, while also searching for the positive implications of the latest therapies, such as probiotics, prebiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation, targeting the gut microbiota and reducing inflammation. This review aims to provide valuable insights that could instruct future studies and treatments for individuals affected by ASD.
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Autistic brains exhibit an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals.
“Research indicates that autistic brains exhibit an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory (E-I) signals.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [90]
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The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Młynarska, E., Barszcz, E., Budny, E., Gajewska, A., Kopeć, K., Wasiak, J., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071135 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Suprunowicz, M., Tomaszek, N., Urbaniak, A., Zackiewicz, K., Modzelewski, S., & Waszkiewicz, N.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Białystok (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Suprunowicz, Maria
- Modzelewski, Stefan
- Waszkiewicz, Napoleon
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-02-16
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 549
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10891846
- OpenAlex
- W4391884169
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 322
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical University of Bialystok (B.SUB.24.445)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, dysbiosis, maternal immune activation, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, intestinal tight junctions, neuroinflammation, maternal obesity, inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, IL-17A, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, ASD pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Autistic Disorder, Bacteria, Child, Family, Humans, Dysbiosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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