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Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters
Open accessAbstract
Beneath the waves, oxygen disappears: As plastic waste pollutes the oceans and fish stocks decline, unseen below the surface another problem grows: deoxygenation. Breitburg et al. review the evidence for the downward trajectory of oxygen levels in increasing areas of the open ocean and coastal waters. Rising nutrient loads coupled with climate change—each resulting from human activities—are changing ocean biogeochemistry and increasing oxygen consumption. This results in destabilization of sediments and fundamental shifts in the availability of key nutrients. In the short term, some compensatory effects may result in improvements in local fisheries, such as in cases where stocks are squeezed between the surface and elevated oxygen minimum zones. In the longer term, these conditions are unsustainable and may result in ecosystem collapses, which ultimately will cause societal and economic harm. Science , this issue p. eaam7240
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“As climate change accelerates, an earlier onset and later termination of hypoxic conditions along with latitudinal expansions (Breitburg et al., 2018), may also make the co-occurrence of HABs and hypoxia more common.”
From Harmful algal blooms: A climate change co-stressor in marine and freshwater ecosystems (2020) · cites this paper as Breitburg et al., 2018
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“Despite the awareness of ocean deoxygenation as an emergent climate change stressor (Levin and Breitburg, 2015;Breitburg et al., 2018), the interactive effects between HABs and hypoxia are relatively unknown.”
From Harmful algal blooms: A climate change co-stressor in marine and freshwater ecosystems (2020) · cites this paper as Breitburg et al., 2018
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“Climate change likely contributes to these trends as the shallow bathymetries and complex topographies can lead to rapid warming (Scanes et al., 2020), and shifts in watershed processes (e.g.nutrient delivery) accelerate DO declines in many regions (Breitburg et al., 2018;Howarth et al., 2011).”
From Warming and hypoxia reduce the performance and survival of northern bay scallops (Argopecten irradians irradians) amid a fishery collapse (2023) · cites this paper as Breitburg et al., 2018
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“Large amounts of organic matter associated with algal blooms can stimulate microbial respiration that depletes dissolved oxygen and produces CO 2 , promoting hypoxia (Fig. 1; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008;Gilbert et al., 2010;Breitburg et al., 2018) and acidification (Fig. 1; Cai et al., 2011;Waldbusser et al., 2011;Wallace et al., 2014;Baumann et al., 2015).”
From Harmful algal blooms: A climate change co-stressor in marine and freshwater ecosystems (2020) · cites this paper as Breitburg et al., 2018
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“…article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. deoxygenation with a decline of up to 7% expected over the next century (Keeling et al. 2010; Breitburg et al. 2018).”
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“sedimentary structures and biogeochemical cycles but also deteriorates the sustainability of marine ecosystems, including increased biological mortality, loss of reproductive capacity, and changing benthic communities (Conley et al., 2010; Rabalais et al., 2010; Breitburg et al., 2018).”
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“This is because human-induced climate and environmental changes are causing serious ongoing deoxygenation in the ocean (Breitburg et al., 2018; Oschlies et al., 2018).”
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Yamamoto‐Kawai, M., Ito, S., Kurihara, H., & Kanda, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.642041 · Cited by 24
Testa, J. M., Basenback, N., Shen, C., Cole, K. L., Moore, A., Hodgkins, C. L. S., & Brady, D. C. (2021) · JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association · doi:10.1111/1752-1688.12912 · Cited by 25
“Warming has also been implicated in expanded low O2 waters in many estuaries and coastal seas (Justı́c et al. 1996; Carstensen et al. 2014; Breitburg et al. 2018; Laurent et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialExploring Ocean Biogeochemistry Using a Lab-on-Chip Phosphate Analyser on an Underwater Glider
Birchill, A. J., Beaton, A. D., Hull, T., Kaiser, J., Mowlem, M. C., Pascal, R. W., Schaap, A. M., Voynova, Y. G., Williams, C. A. J., & Palmer, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.698102 · Cited by 23
Hypoxia in the Upper Gulf of Thailand: Hydrographic observations and modeling
Morimoto, A., Mino, Y., Buranapratheprat, A., Kaneda, A., Tong-u-dom, S., Sunthawanic, K., Yu, X., & Guo, X. (2021) · Journal of Oceanography · doi:10.1007/s10872-021-00616-3 · Cited by 24
Meyer‐Gutbrod, E. L., Kui, L., Miller, R. J., Nishimoto, M. M., Snook, L., & Love, M. S. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15821 · Cited by 23
“…of marine species to more suitable habitats and the extirpation of populations that are unable to relocate will have unprecedented consequences on marine ecosystem structure and the provisioning of ecosystem resources (Breitburg et al., 2018; Keeling et al., 2009; Levin et al., 2009).”
BackgroundWu, B., Luo, G., Joachimski, M. M., Wignall, P. B., Lei, L., Huang, J., & Lai, X. (2021) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b36005.1 · Cited by 23
Switch of Bacteria Community Under Oxygen Depletion in Sediment of Bohai Sea
Guo, X., Song, G., Li, Y., Zhao, L., & Wang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.833513 · Cited by 23
Weakened resilience of benthic microbial communities in the face of climate change
Seidel, L., Ketzer, M., Broman, E., Shahabi-Ghahfarokhi, S., Rahmati-Abkenar, M., Turner, S. J., Ståhle, M., Bergström, K., Manoharan, L., Ali, A., et al. (2022) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1038/s43705-022-00104-9 · Cited by 25
“Increased temperature accelerates hypoxia by decreasing the oxygen solubility [4] that has accounted for 15% of the total oxygen decline [12] along with higher microbial metabolic rates further increasing oxygen loss [4, 13].”
BackgroundKnowledge gaps and missing links in understanding mass extinctions: Can mathematical modeling help?
Sudakow, I., Myers, C., Petrovskii, S., Sumrall, C. D., & Witts, J. D. (2022) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2022.04.001 · Cited by 25
“This is already being associated with areas of increasing ocean anoxia [21, 43], decreases in ocean pH [54, 104, 109], drought, and weather intensification [159, 223].”
BackgroundEnhanced Biogeochemical Cycling Along the U.S. West Coast Shelf
Damien, P., Bianchi, D., McWilliams, J. C., Kessouri, F., Deutsch, C. A., Chen, R., & Renault, L. (2022) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2022gb007572 · Cited by 24
“Because of the enhanced exchanges with land and atmosphere and large BGC rates, the effects of climate change are amplified along oceanic margins, adding to pressure from a growing human population along the coast (Breitburg et al., 2018; Cai et al., 2011; Doney et al., 2007; Lacroix, Ilyina, Mathis, et al., 2021; Reg…”
BackgroundSridevi, B., Sabira, S., & Sarma, V. V. S. S. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-26001-9 · Cited by 23
“Several global models suggested that OMZ is stable over the past several decades in the northern Indian Ocean (Oschlies et al., 2018; Stramma et al., 2008; Breitburg et al., 2018).”
BackgroundClimate Change and the Sea: A Major Disruption in Steady State and the Master Variables
Simmer, R. A., Jansen, E. J., Patterson, K. J., & Schnoor, J. L. (2023) · ACS Environmental Au · doi:10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00061 · Cited by 24
Impacts and uncertainties of climate-induced changes in watershed inputs on estuarine hypoxia
Hinson, K. E., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Najjar, R. G., Herrmann, M., Bian, Z., Bhatt, G., St‐Laurent, P., Tian, H., & Shenk, G. W. (2023) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-20-1937-2023 · Cited by 26
Venetz, J., Żygadłowska, O. M., Lenstra, W. K., van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Nuijten, G. H. L., Wallenius, A. J., Martins, P. D., Slomp, C. P., Jetten, M. S. M., & Veraart, A. J. (2023) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16448 · Cited by 23
Lenstra, W. K., van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Martins, P. D., Wallenius, A. J., Jetten, M. S. M., & Slomp, C. P. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c02023 · Cited by 23
The Heat Is On: Complexities of Aquatic Endocrine Disruption in a Changing Global Climate
DeCourten, B. M., Romney, A., & Brander, S. M. (2019) · Separation science and technology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815730-5.00002-8 · Cited by 23
Shelf Inputs and Lateral Transport of Mn, Co, and Ce in the Western North Pacific Ocean
Morton, P. L., Landing, W. M., Shiller, A. M., Moody, A., Kelly, T., Bizimis, M., Donat, J. R., Carlo, E. H. D., & Shacat, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00591 · Cited by 23
“Redox mobilized shelf inputs of dissolved trace elements can be preserved and transported offshore when the overlying waters are also low in oxygen, especially in regions like the northern Indian Ocean, the eastern Atlantic Ocean, and the eastern North and South Pacific Oceans (Breitburg et al., 2018; Scholz, 2018).”
BackgroundBorowiec, B. G., & Scott, G. R. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.222877 · Cited by 23
“INTRODUCTION Hypoxia and hypoxia–re-oxygenation cycles are common in the aquatic environment (Breitburg et al., 2018; Diaz, 2001; Diaz and Breitburg, 2009).”
BackgroundYu, X., Yang, Z., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Yu, J., Zhong, W., Chen, Y., Lv, X., Hu, J., Lin, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.841318 · Cited by 22
Using MODIS data to track the long-term variations of dissolved oxygen in Lake Taihu
Liu, M., Wang, L., & Qiu, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.1096843 · Cited by 23
“In general, their relations in eutrophic lakes are complicated and exhibit spatiotemporal heterogeneity (Figure 2) (Wetzel 2001; Jankowski et al., 2006; Breitburg et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAquatic Productivity under Multiple Stressors
Häder, D., & Gao, K. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15040817 · Cited by 27
Zhou, J., Wei, Y., Wu, K., Wu, H., Jiao, X., Hu, M., & Chen, D. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acd1a2 · Cited by 22
Aryal, P., Hefner, C. E., Martinez, B., Brack, E. M., & Henry, C. S. (2024) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02123 · Cited by 22
Sankar, S., Polimene, L., Marin, L., Menon, N. N., Samuelsen, A., Pastres, R., & Ciavatta, S. (2018) · Ecological Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.01.016 · Cited by 22
Christoffersen, M., Svendsen, J. C., Kuhn, J. A., Nielsen, A., Martjanova, A., & Støttrup, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.13807 · Cited by 22
“…in coastal areas (de Groot 1986, 1996, Desprez 2000; ICES 2015), or affected by frequent and severe occurrences of hypoxia (Schmidtko et al., 2017; Breitburg et al., 2018), phytoplankton blooms (Diaz & Rosenberg, 2008; Chapman, 2016) and pollution (Sühring et al., 2016; Vince & Hardesty, 2016).”
BackgroundGallo, N. D., Levin, L. A., Beckwith, M., & Barry, J. (2018) · Ecology · doi:10.1002/ecy.2539 · Cited by 22
Self-citationChoumiline, K., Pérez‐Cruz, L., Gray, A. B., Bates, S. M., & Lyons, T. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00237 · Cited by 21
“, 2003; Durazo-Arvizu and Gaxiola-Castro, 2010) revealed declining O2 trends during the last few decades (Bograd et al., 2003, 2008; Lavín et al., 2013; Breitburg et al., 2018; Levin, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialShort- and long-term impacts of variable hypoxia exposures on kelp forest sea urchins
Low, N. H. N., & Micheli, F. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59483-5 · Cited by 23
Srain, B. M., Sobarzo, M., Daneri, G., González, H. E., Testa, G., Farı́as, L., Schwarz, A. O., Pérez, N., & Pantoja, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00533 · Cited by 21
“On a global scale, OMZs are significant sinks (via N2O and N2) for oceanic N (Codispoti et al., 2001), and are zones hosting active S cycling (Canfield et al., 2010) through diverse communities of anaerobic microbes (Fossing et al., 1995; Ward et al., 2009; Ulloa et al., 2012; Wright et al., 2012; Srain et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDijkstra, J. A., Mello, K., Sowers, D., Malik, M., Watling, L., & Mayer, L. A. (2021) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.13285 · Cited by 21
Evidences and drivers of ocean deoxygenation off Peru over recent past decades
Espinoza‐Morriberón, D., Échevin, V., Gutiérrez, D., Tam, J., Graco, M., Ledesma, J., & Colas, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99876-8 · Cited by 25
Self-citationOrio, A., Heimbrand, Y., & Limburg, K. E. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01572-4 · Cited by 21
Self-citationHypoxic and Thermal Stress: Many Ways Leading to the NOS/NO System in the Fish Heart
Filice, M., Imbrogno, S., Gattuso, A., & Cerra, M. C. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10091401 · Cited by 23
“In recent years, aquatic hypoxia is increasing due to anthropogenic influences and climate changes [47,48],”
BackgroundA case for addressing the unresolved role of permeable shelf sediments in ocean denitrification
Chua, E. J., Huettel, M., Fennel, K., & Fulweiler, R. W. (2021) · Limnology and Oceanography Letters · doi:10.1002/lol2.10218 · Cited by 25
“Warming water temperatures are leading to global decreases in water column oxygen concentrations (Breitburg et al. 2018).”
BackgroundPorter, E. S., Clow, K. A., Sandrelli, R. M., & Gamperl, A. K. (2022) · Current Research in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.crphys.2022.03.002 · Cited by 26
Rolff, C., Walve, J., Larsson, U., & Elmgren, R. (2022) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-022-01738-8 · Cited by 24
“In the past half century, oxygen concentrations have declined in many coastal waters globally (Diaz and Rosenberg 2008; Breitburg et al. 2018).”
BackgroundDey, A. K., & Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2023) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s44169-023-00030-4 · Cited by 23
“…the discharge of pharmaceutical wastes into water bodies is a significant threat, as they compete against the aquatic aerobic species and affect aquatic life as well as facilitate many gram ( +) and gram (−) bacterial infections and malignant tumors (Carmen and Daniela 2012, Breitburg et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMorell, A., Shin, Y., Barrier, N., Travers‐Trolet, M., Halouani, G., & Ernande, B. (2023) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103064 · Cited by 22
Zennaro, F., Furlan, E., Canu, D. M., Alcázar, L. A., Rosati, G., Solidoro, C., Aslan, S., & Critto, A. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111245 · Cited by 23
“…research on climate change, which suggests that such changes are contributing to shifts in WQ parameters that can lead to harmful phenomena like eutrophication, hypoxia, and marine heat waves (Breitburg et al., 2018; Glibert, 2020; Jane et al., 2021; Lloret et al., 2008; Shalby et al., 2020).”
Amplified Subsurface Signals of Ocean Acidification
Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Sharp, J. D., Huang, Y., Arroyo, M. C., & Frenzel, H. (2023) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2023gb007843 · Cited by 22
“…in the open ocean have occurred below the sea surface (Figure 2) in mesopelagic waters where organisms are also experiencing reductions in carbonate mineral saturation (Jiang et al., 2015) and dissolved oxygen levels (hypoxia; O 2 ≤ 60 μmol kg −1 ; Breitburg et al., 2018; Oschlies et al., 2018).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M., Yasuhara, M., & Zhang, J.
- Affiliations
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (US)
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
- University of Liège (BE)
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
- Lund University (SE)
- CNRS/Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, 31401 Toulouse, CEDEX 9, France.
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (CA)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (FR)
- University of the Philippines Diliman (PH)
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (US)
- Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Lima, Perú.
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KW)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (US)
- University of South Florida St. Petersburg (US)
- Instytut Oceanologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk (PL)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Breitburg, Denise
- ORCID
- Breitburg, Denise
- Levin, Lisa A.
- Oschlies, Andreas
- Grégoire, Marilaure
- Chavez, Francisco P.
- Conley, Daniel J.
- Gilbert, Denis
- Gutiérrez, Dimitri
- Isensee, Kirsten
- Jacinto, Gil S.
- Limburg, Karin E.
- Montes, Ivonne
- Naqvi, S. W. A.
- Pitcher, Grant C.
- Rabalais, Nancy N.
- Roman, Michael R.
- Rose, Kenneth A.
- Seibel, Brad A.
- Telszewski, Maciej
- Yasuhara, Moriaki
- Zhang, Jing
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-01-05
- Volume
- 359
- Issue
- 6371
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2781567654
- Cited by
- 3,253
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 402 · 2025: 446 · 2024: 528 · 2023: 449 · 2022: 383 · 2021: 450 · 2020: 281 · 2019: 212 · 2018: 96
- FWCI
- 21.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- Smithsonian Digital Repository (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- DFG (SFB754)
- NOAA-CSCOR (NA10NOS4780138)
- Maryland Sea Grant (SA75281450-P)
- NSF-EAR (1324095)
- FNRS and the BENTHOX program (T.1009.15)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Marine and fisheries research
- Keywords
- ocean deoxygenation, coastal waters, microbial respiration, oxygen solubility, nutrient loading, global warming, marine fisheries, estuarine ecosystems
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Fisheries, Oceans and Seas, Oxygen, Seawater, Global Warming, Aquatic Organisms
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