One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure
Abstract
Protected yet pressured: Protected areas are increasingly recognized as an essential way to safeguard biodiversity. Although the percentage of land included in the global protected area network has increased from 9 to 15%, Jones et al. found that a third of this area is influenced by intensive human activity. Thus, even landscapes that are protected are experiencing some human pressure, with only the most remote northern regions remaining almost untouched. Science , this issue p. 788
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Current approaches for estimating human pressures on protected areas rely mainly on land-use changes such as those used in compiling the human footprint index.
“A fundamental problem is that current approaches for estimating human pressures on protected areas rely mainly on land‐use changes such as those used in compiling the human footprint index (Jones et al., 2018).”
From Scientists' warning on invasive alien species (2020) · cites this paper as Jones et al., 2018
One third of protected areas are under intense human pressure globally.
“One third of PAs are under intense human pressure globally ( 7 ), especially from anthropogenic activities along their borders and despite heavy protection ( 8 -11 ).”
From Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Cites
Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., et al. (2001) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 8,488 · see citing works
Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09678 · Cited by 4,400 · see citing works
Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity
Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Hill, S. L. L., Contu, S., Lysenko, I., Senior, R. A., Börger, L., Bennett, D. J., Choimes, A., Collen, B., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14324 · Cited by 4,352 · see citing works
Guidelines for applying protected area management categories
Dudley, N. (2008) · IUCN eBooks · doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2008.paps.2.en · Cited by 3,007 · see citing works
The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild
Sanderson, E. W., Jaiteh, M., Levy, M. A., Redford, K. H., Wannebo, A., & Woolmer, G. (2002) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:thfatl]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 2,472 · see citing works
The performance and potential of protected areas
Watson, J. E. M., Dudley, N., Segan, D. B., & Hockings, M. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13947 · Cited by 2,397 · see citing works
Self-citationVenter, O., Sanderson, E. W., Magrach, A., Allan, J. R., Beher, J., Jones, K. R., Possingham, H. P., Laurance, W. F., Wood, P., Fekete, B. M., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12558 · Cited by 1,898 · see citing works
Self-citationAronson, M. F. J., Sorte, F. A. L., Nilon, C. H., Katti, M., Goddard, M. A., Lepczyk, C. A., Warren, P. S., Williams, N. S. G., Cilliers, S. S., Clarkson, B. D., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3330 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
Reconciling Food Production and Biodiversity Conservation: Land Sharing and Land Sparing Compared
Phalan, B., Onial, M., Balmford, A. P., & Green, R. E. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208742 · Cited by 1,699 · see citing works
Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature
Balmford, A. P., Bruner, A., Cooper, P. J., Costanza, R., Farber, S., Green, R. E., Jenkins, M. D., Jefferiss, P., Jessamy, V. R., Madden, J. R., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1073947 · Cited by 1,475 · see citing works
The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people
Scheffers, B. R., Meester, L. D., Bridge, T. C. L., Hoffmann, A. A., Pandolfi, J. M., Corlett, R. T., Butchart, S. H. M., Pearce‐Kelly, P., Kovacs, K. M., Dudgeon, D. L., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf7671 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
Self-citationMoving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements
Tucker, M. A., Böhning‐Gaese, K., Fagan, W. F., Fryxell, J. M., Moorter, B. F. A. V., Alberts, S. C., Ali, A. H., Allen, A. M., Attias, N., Avgar, T., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam9712 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests
Laurance, W. F., Goosem, M., & Laurance, S. G. W. (2009) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.009 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas
Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11318 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
Biodiversity Conservation in Traditional Coffee Systems of Mexico
Moguel, P., & Toledo, V. M. (1999) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97153.x · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide
Gray, C. L., Hill, S. L. L., Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Börger, L., Contu, S., Hoskins, A. J., Ferrier, S., Purvis, A., & Scharlemann, J. P. W. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12306 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Global terrestrial Human Footprint maps for 1993 and 2009
Venter, O., Sanderson, E. W., Magrach, A., Allan, J. R., Beher, J., Jones, K. R., Possingham, H. P., Laurance, W. F., Wood, P., Fekete, B. M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/sdata.2016.67 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Self-citationPinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions
Ricketts, T. H., Dinerstein, E., Boucher, T., Brooks, T. M., Butchart, S. H. M., Hoffmann, M., Lamoreux, J. F., Morrison, J., Parr, M., Pilgrim, J. D., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509060102 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Livestock Impacts on Riparian Ecosystems and Streamside Management Implications... A Review
Kauffman, J. B., & Krueger, W. C. (1984) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3899631 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets
Butchart, S. H. M., Clarke, M., Smith, R. J., Sykes, R. E., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Harfoot, M., Buchanan, G. M., Angulo, A., Balmford, A., Bertzky, B., et al. (2015) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12158 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citationCatastrophic Declines in Wilderness Areas Undermine Global Environment Targets
Watson, J. E. M., Shanahan, D. F., Di Marco, M., Allan, J., Laurance, W. F., Sanderson, E. W., Mackey, B., & Venter, O. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.049 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationProtecting Important Sites for Biodiversity Contributes to Meeting Global Conservation Targets
Butchart, S. H. M., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Evans, M. I., Quader, S., Aricò, S., Arinaitwe, J., Balman, M., Bennun, L., Bertzky, B., Besançon, C., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032529 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity
Pringle, R. M. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22902 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Coetzee, B. W. T., Gaston, K. J., & Chown, S. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105824 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Mapping Change in Human Pressure Globally on Land and within Protected Areas
Geldmann, J., Joppa, L., & Burgess, N. D. (2014) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12332 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
A regulation-based classification system for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
Costa, B. H. E., Claudet, J., Franco, G., Erzini, K., Caro, A., & Gonçalves, E. J. (2016) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.06.021 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Bolder science needed now for protected areas
Watson, J. E. M., Darling, E. S., Venter, O., Maron, M., Walston, J., Possingham, H. P., Dudley, N., Hockings, M. T., Barnes, M. D., & Brooks, T. M. (2015) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12645 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationWatson, J. E. M., Jones, K. R., Fuller, R. A., Marco, M. D., Segan, D. B., Butchart, S. H. M., Allan, J. R., McDonald‐Madden, E., & Venter, O. (2016) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.12295 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites
Allan, J. R., Venter, O., Maxwell, S., Bertzky, B., Jones, K. R., Shi, Y., & Watson, J. E. M. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.011 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationRelative efforts of countries to conserve world’s megafauna
Lindsey, P. A., Chapron, G., Petracca, L. S., Burnham, D., Hayward, M. W., Henschel, P., Hinks, A. E., Garnett, S. T., Macdonald, D. W., Macdonald, E. A., et al. (2017) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.03.003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Phylogenetic, spatial and environmental components of extinction risk in carnivores
Safi, K., & Pettorelli, N. (2010) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00523.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ecoregion Prioritization Suggests an Armoury Not a Silver Bullet for Conservation Planning
Funk, S. M., & Fa, J. E. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008923 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Marco, M. D., Rondinini, C., Boitani, L., et al. (2013) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.030 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Improving biodiversity conservation through modern portfolio theory
Hoekstra, J. M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1205114109 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Scientists' warning on invasive alien species
Pyšek, P., Hulme, P. E., Simberloff, D., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T. M., Carlton, J. T., Dawson, W., Essl, F., Foxcroft, L. C., Genovesi, P., et al. (2020) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12627 · Cited by 2,234 · see citing works
The global tree restoration potential
Bastin, J.-F., Finegold, Y., Garcia, C., Mollicone, D., Rezende, M., Routh, D., Zohner, C. M., & Crowther, T. W. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax0848 · Cited by 2,197 · see citing works
A spatial overview of the global importance of Indigenous lands for conservation
Garnett, S. T., Burgess, N. D., Fa, J. E., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Molnár, Z., Robinson, C. J., Watson, J. E. M., Zander, K. K., Austin, B., Brondizio, E. S., et al. (2018) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0100-6 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Self-citationProtected area targets post-2020
Visconti, P., Butchart, S. H. M., Brooks, T. M., Langhammer, P. F., Marnewick, D., Vergara, S., Yanosky, A., & Watson, J. E. M. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav6886 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Self-citationCross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem
Veldhuis, M. P., Ritchie, M. E., Ogutu, J. O., Morrison, T. A., Beale, C. M., Estes, A. B., Mwakilema, W., Ojwang, G. O., Parr, C. L., Probert, J., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav0564 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jones, K. R., Venter, O., Fuller, R. A., Allan, J. R., Maxwell, S. L., Negret, P. J., & Watson, J. E. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Northern British Columbia (CA)
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
- Wildlife Conservation Society (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Kendall R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-05-18
- Volume
- 360
- Issue
- 6390
- Pages
- 788-791
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2803929532
- Cited by
- 954
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 103 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 50.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Keywords
- protected areas, anthropogenic pressure, biodiversity loss, conservation effectiveness, Convention on Biological Diversity, protected area designation, biodiversity targets
- MeSH terms
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Humans, Human Activities, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review