Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas
Open accessAbstract
The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world’s major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health’: about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.
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In many tropical regions, land use conflicts threaten remaining natural habitats outside protected areas and the protected areas themselves.
“In many tropical regions, such land use conflicts represent a threat not only to remaining natural habitats outside protected areas but even to the protected areas themselves (Forrest et al., ; Laurance et al., ; Tweh et al., ).”
From A mix of community-based conservation and protected forests is needed for the survival of the Endangered pygmy hippopotamus<i>Choeropsis liberiensis</i> (2017) · cites this paper as Laurance et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez-Malvido, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K. S., Cannon, C. H., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., Coates, R., Cords, M., Danielsen, F., De Dijn, B., Dinerstein, E., Donnelly, M. A., Edwards, D., Edwards, F., Farwig, N., Fashing, P., Forget, P.-M., Foster, M., Gale, G., Harris, D., Harrison, R., Hart, J., Karpanty, S., John Kress, W., Krishnaswamy, J., Logsdon, W., Lovett, J., Magnusson, W., Maisels, F., Marshall, A. R., McClearn, D., Mudappa, D., Nielsen, M. R., Pearson, R., Pitman, N., van der Ploeg, J., Plumptre, A., Poulsen, J., Quesada, M., Rainey, H., Robinson, D., Roetgers, C., Rovero, F., Scatena, F., Schulze, C., Sheil, D., Struhsaker, T., Terborgh, J., Thomas, D., Timm, R., Nicolas Urbina-Cardona, J., Vasudevan, K., Joseph Wright, S., Carlos Arias-G., J., Arroyo, L., Ashton, M., Auzel, P., Babaasa, D., Babweteera, F., Baker, P., Banki, O., Bass, M., Bila-Isia, I., Blake, S., Brockelman, W., Brokaw, N., Brühl, C. A., Bunyavejchewin, S., Chao, J.-T., Chave, J., Chellam, R., Clark, C. J., Clavijo, J., Congdon, R., Corlett, R., Dattaraja, H. S., Dave, C., Davies, G., de Mello Beisiegel, B., de Nazaré Paes da Silva, R., Di Fiore, A., Diesmos, A., Dirzo, R., Doran-Sheehy, D., Eaton, M., Emmons, L., Estrada, A., Ewango, C., Fedigan, L., Feer, F., Fruth, B., Giacalone Willis, J., Goodale, U., Goodman, S., Guix, J. C., Guthiga, P., Haber, W., Hamer, K., Herbinger, I., Hill, J., Huang, Z., Fang Sun, I., Ickes, K., Itoh, A., Ivanauskas, N., Jackes, B., Janovec, J., Janzen, D., Jiangming, M., Jin, C., Jones, T., Justiniano, H., Kalko, E., Kasangaki, A., Killeen, T., King, H.-B., Klop, E., Knott, C., Koné, I., Kudavidanage, E., Lahoz da Silva Ribeiro, J., Lattke, J., Laval, R., Lawton, R., Leal, M., Leighton, M., Lentino, M., Leonel, C., Lindsell, J., Ling-Ling, L., Eduard Linsenmair, K., Losos, E., Lugo, A., Lwanga, J., Mack, A. L., Martins, M., Scott McGraw, W., McNab, R., Montag, L., Myers Thompson, J., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nakagawa, M., Nepal, S., Norconk, M., Novotny, V., O'Donnell, S., Opiang, M., Ouboter, P., Parker, K., Parthasarathy, N., Pisciotta, K., Prawiradilaga, D., Pringle, C., Rajathurai, S., Reichard, U., Reinartz, G., Renton, K., Reynolds, G., Reynolds, V., Riley, E., Rödel, M.-O., Rothman, J., Round, P., Sakai, S., Sanaiotti, T., Savini, T., Schaab, G., Seidensticker, J., Siaka, A., Silman, M. R., Smith, T. B., de Almeida, S. S., Sodhi, N., Stanford, C., Stewart, K., Stokes, E., Stoner, K. E., Sukumar, R., Surbeck, M., Tobler, M., Tscharntke, T., Turkalo, A., Umapathy, G., van Weerd, M., Vega Rivera, J., Venkataraman, M., Venn, L., Verea, C., Volkmer de Castilho, C., Waltert, M., Wang, B., Watts, D., Weber, W., West, P., Whitacre, D., Whitney, K., Wilkie, D., Williams, S., Wright, D. D., Wright, P., Xiankai, L., Yonzon, P., & Zamzani, F.
- Affiliations
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (PA)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- James Cook University (AU)
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (GB)
- World Wildlife Fund (US)
- Université de Dschang (CM)
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (CN)
- McGill University (CA)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Columbia University (US)
- Florida International University (US)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- California State University, Fullerton (US)
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (FR)
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (TH)
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (GB)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (IN)
- University of Twente (NL)
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (BR)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- Nature Conservation Foundation (IN)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Duke University (US)
- Wildlife Conservation Society Uganda (UG)
- Woodwell Climate Research Center (US)
- Wildlife Conservation Society (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Museo delle Scienze (IT)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Kansas (US)
- Wildlife Institute of India (IN)
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado (BO)
- Yale University (US)
- Monash University (AU)
- Mahidol University (TH)
- University of Puerto Rico System (PR)
- University of Koblenz and Landau (DE)
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TW)
- Wildlife Conservation Society India (IN)
- Universidad Central de Venezuela (VE)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (IN)
- WWF-UK (GB)
- National Museum of the Philippines (PH)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Wildlife Conservation Society Democratic Republic of the Congo (CD)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Field Museum of Natural History (US)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KE)
- Missouri Botanical Garden (US)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (DE)
- Clemson University (US)
- Osaka City University (JP)
- Instituto Florestal (BR)
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas (US)
- South China Botanical Garden (CN)
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- Fundación para la Conservación del Bosque Chiquitano (BO)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology (UG)
- Conservation International (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Swiss Centre for Scientific Research (CI)
- University of Alabama in Huntsville (US)
- Colección Ornitológica Phelps (VE)
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (GB)
- Organization For Tropical Studies (US)
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry (PR)
- Makerere University (UG)
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Pará (BR)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Kent State University (US)
- Anton de Kom University of Suriname (SR)
- Pondicherry University (IN)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Museum für Naturkunde (DE)
- City University of New York (US)
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (JP)
- Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (DE)
- Kulite (United States) (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Texas A&M University – Kingsville (US)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Laurance, William F.
- ORCID
- Laurance, William F.
- Bradshaw, Corey J. A.
- Sloan, Sean P.
- Laurance, Susan G.
- Campbell, Mason
- Ashton, Peter
- Bobo, Kadiri S.
- Cannon, Charles H.
- Cao, Min
- Chapman, Colin
- Coates, Rosamond
- Cords, Marina
- Danielsen, Finn
- Dinerstein, Eric
- Edwards, David
- Edwards, Felicity
- Farwig, Nina
- Fashing, Peter
- Forget, Pierre-Michel
- Foster, Mercedes
- Gale, George
- Harris, David
- Harrison, Rhett
- Hart, John
- Karpanty, Sarah
- Krishnaswamy, Jagdish
- Lovett, Jon
- Magnusson, William
- Maisels, Fiona
- Marshall, Andrew R.
- McClearn, Deedra
- Mudappa, Divya
- Nielsen, Martin R.
- Pearson, Richard
- Pitman, Nigel
- Plumptre, Andrew
- Poulsen, John
- Rainey, Hugo
- Rovero, Francesco
- Schulze, Christian
- Sheil, Douglas
- Struhsaker, Thomas
- Terborgh, John
- Thomas, Duncan
- Timm, Robert
- Vasudevan, Karthikeyan
- Arroyo, Luzmila
- Ashton, Mark
- Auzel, Philippe
- Babaasa, Dennis
- Babweteera, Fred
- Baker, Patrick
- Blake, Stephen
- Brockelman, Warren
- Brokaw, Nicholas
- Brühl, Carsten A.
- Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh
- Chellam, Ravi
- Clark, Connie J.
- Clavijo, José
- Corlett, Richard
- Dattaraja, H. S.
- Dave, Chittaranjan
- Davies, Glyn
- Diesmos, Arvin
- Dirzo, Rodolfo
- Eaton, Mitchell
- Emmons, Louise
- Estrada, Alejandro
- Ewango, Corneille
- Fedigan, Linda
- Fruth, Barbara
- Goodale, Uromi
- Goodman, Steven
- Haber, William
- Hamer, Keith
- Hill, Jane
- Huang, Zhongliang
- Itoh, Akira
- Ivanauskas, Natália
- Jackes, Betsy
- Janzen, Daniel
- Kasangaki, Aventino
- Killeen, Timothy
- Knott, Cheryl
- Koné, Inza
- Kudavidanage, Enoka
- Lattke, John
- Laval, Richard
- Lawton, Robert
- Leal, Miguel
- Lentino, Miguel
- Lindsell, Jeremy
- Losos, Elizabeth
- Mack, Andrew L.
- Martins, Marlucia
- Montag, Luciano
- Nakagawa, Michiko
- Nepal, Sanjay
- Norconk, Marilyn
- Ouboter, Paul
- Parthasarathy, N.
- Pisciotta, Kátia
- Prawiradilaga, Dewi
- Pringle, Catherine
- Reichard, Ulrich
- Renton, Katherine
- Reynolds, Glen
- Reynolds, Vernon
- Riley, Erin
- Rödel, Mark-Oliver
- Rothman, Jessica
- Round, Philip
- Sakai, Shoko
- Savini, Tommaso
- Schaab, Gertrud
- Silman, Miles R.
- Smith, Thomas B.
- Stanford, Craig
- Stoner, Kathryn E.
- Sukumar, Raman
- Surbeck, Martin
- Tobler, Mathias
- Tscharntke, Teja
- Turkalo, Andrea
- Verea, Carlos
- Waltert, Matthias
- West, Paige
- Wilkie, David
- Williams, Stephen
- Wright, Patricia
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2012-07-25
- Volume
- 489
- Issue
- 7415
- Pages
- 290-294
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2098816950
- Cited by
- 1,213
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 91 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 65.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ASEP (publishedVersion)
- NOT FOUND REPOSITORY (Indian Institute of Science Bangalore) (acceptedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LillOA (Université de Lille (University Of Lille)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Smithsonian Digital Repository (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0741956)
- Smithsonian Institution
- James Cook University
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- biodiversity loss, functional groups, habitat disturbance, hunting, human encroachment, deforestation, reserve effectiveness, biodiversity conservation
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Data Collection, Ecology, Environmental Pollution, Fires, Interviews as Topic, Mining, Population Growth, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rain, Research Personnel, Temperature, Trees, Tropical Climate, Reproducibility of Results, Forestry, Biodiversity, Endangered Species
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