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Neuropixels 2.0: A miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings.
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Abstract
Recording many neurons for a long time: The ultimate aim of chronic recordings is to sample from the same neuron over days and weeks. However, this goal has been difficult to achieve for large populations of neurons. Steinmetz et al. describe the development and testing of Neuropixels 2.0. This new electrophysiological recording tool is a miniaturized, high-density probe for both acute and long-term experiments combined with sophisticated software algorithms for fully automatic post hoc computational stabilization. The technique also provides a strategy for extending the number of recorded sites beyond the number of available recording channels. In freely moving animals, extremely large numbers of individual neurons could thus be followed and tracked with the same probe for weeks and occasionally months. Science , this issue p. eabf4588
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In the citing paper
“The weight of the probe plus a headstage is about 1.1 g.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Using two four-shank probes, combined with a motion correction algorithm, the success rate of neuron tracking is more than 90% in 2 weeks and more than 80% successful for up to 2 months.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Based on Neuropixels 1.0, the team has successfully developed a more miniaturized Neuropixels 2.0 with more recording sites.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The length of the probe is still 10 mm and the number of recording sites per handle is 1,280.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“In the latest research, the problem of stable recording of a single neuron on a long-time scale from several weeks to several months has been overcome (Steinmetz et al., 2021).”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The probe consists of four slices inserted into the brain and a probe base (the voltage signal is filtered, amplified, multiplexed, and digitized on the base).”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Compared with the 20 μm of Neuropixels 1.0, the recording sites are arranged vertically in two columns rather than staggered, and the vertical distance from center to center is 15 μm.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The four-shank version supports 5,120 recording sites and the headstage is miniaturized to about one-third of the size of those for Neuropixels 1.0, which is more suitable for chronic recording in a freely moving mouse.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
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Takahashi, K., Veld, G. H. I. ’., Benedetti, D., Wang, J.-Y., Quero, S. P., Yuste, R., Pennartz, C. M. A., & Olcese, U. (2025) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2025.103964 · Cited by 1
Rethink the motor cortical control via the experiment-analysis-model flywheel: an overview
Jiang, H., Bu, X., Shi, Q., Zheng, Z., Zhu, D., Tang, H., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Med-X · doi:10.1007/s44258-025-00059-1 · Cited by 1
“The Neuropixels 2.0 offers a more compact design for high-density recordings in small animals, with improved stability over time and reduced motion artifact [74].”
InfluentialFlexible and Nanostructured Electronics to Dialogue with Glia
de Vicente, J. I. D. R., Maita, F., Lucarini, I., Palmieri, E., Montaina, L., Convertino, A., & Maiolo, L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94215-0_12 · Cited by 1
A modular, adaptable, and accessible implant kit for chronic electrophysiological recordings in rats
Alcalá, R. J. I., Macias, A. Y., Heaton, C. N., Jurado, R. S., Salcido, A. A., Reyes, N. F., Batson, S. A., Davila, L. D., Beck, D. W., Rakocevic, L. I., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2025.101146 · Cited by 1
Vargas-Irwin, C. E., Brandman, D. M., Brandman, D. M., Donoghue, J. P., & Donoghue, J. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1634652 · Cited by 1
Zhao, W., Chen, J., Li, L., Song, X., Zhang, W., Tang, G., Zhang, H., Cai, X., Sheng, D., Zhao, Y., et al. (2025) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202500470 · Cited by 1
Super-resolution time-frequency decomposition with hyperlets for neural spike analysis
Kesgin, K., & Jörntell, H. (2025) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2025.112598 · Cited by 1
A Study of Deep Clustering in Spike Sorting
Ardelean, E.-R., & Portase, R. L. (2025) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-025-09751-4 · Cited by 1
“With the advancement of recording hardware (Steinmetz et al., 2021 ; Jun et al., 2017)that permit the simultaneous recording of thousands of neurons (Steinmetz et al., 2018), analysis methods must advance as well to deal with the increasingly large volume of data recorded.”
InfluentialTowards a multi-dimensional understanding of brain states
Karigo, T., & Charles, A. S. (2025) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108110 · Cited by 1
A High-Density Silicon-Based Microelectrode Array for Chronic In Vivo Neural Recording
Geng, L., Wang, Y., Gu, W., Yang, Y., Xie, D., Ma, X., Chen, Z., Xu, L., Li, C., & Wu, F. H. (2025) · Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems · doi:10.1109/jmems.2025.3621151 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, the development of implantable neural electrode arrays with high channel density and high spatiotemporal resolution is of critical importance [12], [13], [14].”
Shan, J., Xu, W., Luo, J., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Jia, Q., Lv, S., Duan, Y., Jiao, P., Li, Q., et al. (2025) · ACS Applied Electronic Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaelm.5c01393 · Cited by 1
Pazienti, A., Müller, M., Bosman, C. A., Olcese, U., & Mattia, M. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113954 · Cited by 1
“…process would require focus on natural sleep besides anesthesia and perform recordings with a denser spatial and temporal sampling, possibly involving higher cortical and extending also to subcortical areas—such as what is now made possible by Neuropixels probes 84 and similar technologies.”
Spinal interneuronal populations encode static hindlimb posture in the cat
Soga, Y., Maeda, K., Egawa, S., Contreras-Hernandez, E., Fukuyama, S., Takahashi, M., Takakusaki, K., Funato, T., & Seki, K. (2026) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp290403 · Cited by 1
Kuriyama, R., Akira, K., Green, L., Herrera, B., Dai, K., Iura, M., Gouaillardet, G., 寺澤, 麻., Kobayashi, T., Igarashi, J., et al. (2025) · International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC) · doi:10.1145/3712285.3759819 · Cited by 5
“Neuropixels record electrical activity of hundreds of neurons simultaneously [41].”
On-Chip Spike Sorting: Developments, challenges, and future directions
Han, Y., Prodromakis, T., & Wang, S. (2025) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2025.3613864 · Cited by 1
“With the electrode pitch in neural probes scaling down to a few micrometers [5], it is now feasible to address this issue by exploiting the abundant recording sites along the depth that facilitate the tracking of the moving units.”
InfluentialSelf-citationSuárez-Barrera, D., Bayones, L., Encinas-Rodríguez, N., Parra, S., Monroy, V., Pujalte, S., Andrade-Ortega, B., Díaz, H., Álvarez, M., Zainos, A., et al. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003527 · Cited by 1
“High-density extracellular electrode array technologies, such as fully integrated silicon probes [6], are enabling the simultaneous recording of hundreds to thousands of neurons [7–9].”
Controlled-environment platform for electrophysiology recordings on organoids with Neuropixels 2.0
Zhang, Z., van der Molen, T., Camargo, C. M., Merk, M. W., Kwon, M., Sala‐Jarque, J., Keshavan, N., Sokolovskiy, S., Gifford, R., Reveles, J. J., et al. (2025) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0283114 · Cited by 1
A 1024-Channel 0.8V 23.9-nW/Channel Event-Based Compute In-Memory Neural Spike Detector
Ke, Y., Fu, Z., Yang, J., Shang, H., & Basu, A. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2025.3642865 · Cited by 1
“In this section we tested the SPD performance of proposed IMC macro on two datasets to validate the proposed IMC SPD.”
Local Neuronal Ensembles That Coreactivate across Regions during Sleep Are Preferentially Stabilized
Miyawaki, H., & Mizuseki, K. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1125-25.2025 · Cited by 1
“Extending the recording duration using recently developed techniques (Steinmetz et al., 2021) o ff ers a promising future direction for gaining a deeper understanding of extinction-ensemble dynamics.”
El-Kalliny, M. M., Kushner, J. K., Sheeran, W. M., Neilly, O. E., Winther, K. E., Brusman, L. E., Kelberman, M. A., Hoeffer, C. A., & Donaldson, Z. R. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67459-0 · Cited by 1
“S1), we directly tested the hypothesis that FSIs coordinate activity in MSN ensembles by using chronically implanted Neuropixels 2.0 probes 66 (Fig.”
InfluentialThe Discovery of the Hippocampal Place Cells
O'Keefe, J. M. (2026) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.70066 · Cited by 1
“…2025; McNaughton et al. 1983) and tetrodes (O'Keefe and Recce 1993; Wilson and McNaughton 1993), and finally to Neuropixels (Jun et al. 2017; Steinmetz et al. 2021), each allowing a much better isolation of single units and a better understanding of their correlates and network properties.”
Self-citationWang, J., Olajide, O., Paul, A., Zhang, D., Wu, J., Xu, Y., Zou, Y., Kim, C., & Cauwenberghs, G. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2026.3656160 · Cited by 1
“…have emerged as a key technology for interfacing with neurons, enabling the recording of electrical activity and the delivery of stimulation to modulate neuronal function, and have rapidly evolved to meet the growing demand for higher throughput and increased channel density [6], [7], [8], [9].”
Measurement effects on critical scaling in neural systems
Li, M. S., Liu, B., van Antwerp, K. W., Abdelaleem, E., & Sederberg, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2025.1724190 · Cited by 1
Friend, Not Foe: Lowered Tissue Reactivity to Long‐Term Polyimide Implants
Orlemann, C., Santis, L. M. D., Neering, P., Boehler, C., Sharma, K., Aarts, A. A. A., Holzhammer, T., van Daal, R. J. J., Ruther, P., Asplund, M., et al. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.703281 · Cited by 3
Wang, T.-Y., Feng, C., Wang, C., Ren, C., & Zhao, Z. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.108083.3 · Cited by 1
Herr, S. J., Oten, S., Bernstock, J. D., Rolston, J. D., & Hervey‐Jumper, S. L. (2025) · Neuro-Oncology Advances · doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdaf109 · Cited by 1
“105 The relative populations of malignant and tumor-intrinsic neurons active in a task-specific manner in patients remain unknown.”
A Drive–Vibration Integrated Piezoelectric Actuator for Flexible Electrode Implantation
Li, X., Wu, D., Lin, X., Jiang, T., Ma, J., Ya, L., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhong, H., Yang, X., et al. (2026) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi17040447 · Cited by 1
Grand challenges for systems neuroscience: perspectives and opportunities
Gao, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2026.1818506 · Cited by 1
Stable Neural Signal Recording Processed by Memristor‐Based Reservoir Computing System
Kim, S., Wu, Y., Moore, F., Hu, M., Zhang, X., Yoo, S., Lee, E. Y., Shen, H., He, Y., Jia Liu, B., et al. (2026) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.202600005 · Cited by 1
“In particular, state-of-the-art high-density neural probes offer thousands of recording sites per probe and hundreds of simultaneously addressable channels, with some platforms already scaling to tens of thousands of channels [17 – 19].”
The midbrain reticular formation in contextual control of perceptual decisions
Shaker, J. R., Schroeter, J., Birman, D., & Steinmetz, N. A. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.04.003 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHomozygous CHD8 mutation intensifies ASD phenotypes and attenuates sex differences
Kim, J., Lee, S., Hwang, E., Jung, H., Lee, C., Choi, S., Lee, S., Kim, S., Moon, H., Kim, J., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03646-9 · Cited by 1
“…neuronal fi ring and local brain rhythms in various brain regions of male and female Chd8 + /N2373K and Chd8 N2373K/N2373K mice using Neuropixels probes under urethane anesthesia, which can stably measure high-density neuronal activity simultaneously in multiple brain regions of live animals [54].”
Wang, Z., Lu, L., Meng, J., & Wang, T. (2026) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2026.101238 · Cited by 1
Meyer, L. M., & Zamani, M. (2026) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ae6dfd · Cited by 1
Highly energy-efficient information-handling dynamics of the brain
G, J., & Guo, W. (2026) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwag373 · Cited by 1
Boyanova, S., Katsouri, L., Krupic, J., Hair, K., Wang, S., & Wiseman, F. K. (2026) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2026.104633 · Cited by 1
Self-citationParallel enzymatic DNA synthesis using a semiconductor chip
Jung, W., Jung, H. S., Wang, J., Hinton, H., Kim, S. J., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Hwang, Y., Fournier, M., Boul, M., et al. (2026) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-026-01662-9 · Cited by 1
Self-citationChen, Q., Huang, N., Tong, C., Liu, P., Que, S., Xue, H., Xiao, X., & Song, E. (2026) · npj Biosensing · doi:10.1038/s44328-026-00109-7 · Cited by 2
“Neuropixels 2.0 further advanced this architecture through miniaturization and modularity, featuring dual-shank designs with a total head-mounted weight of 1.1 g and supporting multi-probe con fi gurations comprising up to four probes and 5120 recording sites 49,50 .”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Steinmetz, N. A., Aydin, C., Lebedeva, A., Okun, M., Pachitariu, M., Bauza, M., Beau, M., Bhagat, J., Böhm, C., Broux, M., Chen, S., Colonell, J., Gardner, R. J., Karsh, B., Kloosterman, F., Kostadinov, D., Mora-Lopez, C., O’Callaghan, J., Park, J., Putzeys, J., Sauerbrei, B., van Daal, R. J. J., Vollan, A. Z., Wang, S., Welkenhuysen, M., Ye, Z., Dudman, J. T., Dutta, B., Hantman, A. W., Harris, K. D., Lee, A. K., Moser, E. I., O’Keefe, J., Renart, A., Svoboda, K., Häusser, M., Haesler, S., Carandini, M., & Harris, T. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
- University College London (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (BE)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
- IMEC, Leuven, Belgium.
- IMEC (BE)
- Champalimaud Foundation (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Steinmetz, Nicholas A.
- Lebedeva, Anna
- Okun, Michael
- Pachitariu, Marius
- Carandini, Matteo
- Harris, Timothy D.
- ORCID
- Steinmetz, Nicholas A.
- Aydin, Cagatay
- Lebedeva, Anna
- Okun, Michael
- Pachitariu, Marius
- Bauza, Marius
- Beau, Maxime
- Bhagat, Jai
- Böhm, Claudia
- Broux, Martijn
- Chen, Susu
- Colonell, Jennifer
- Gardner, Richard J.
- Karsh, Bill
- Kloosterman, Fabian
- Kostadinov, Dimitar
- Park, Junchol
- Putzeys, Jan
- Sauerbrei, Britton
- van Daal, Rik J. J.
- Vollan, Abraham Z.
- Wang, Shiwei
- Welkenhuysen, Marleen
- Ye, Zhiwen
- Dudman, Joshua T.
- Hantman, Adam W.
- Lee, Albert K.
- Moser, Edvard I.
- O’Keefe, John
- Renart, Alfonso
- Svoboda, Karel
- Häusser, Michael
- Haesler, Sebastian
- Carandini, Matteo
- Harris, Timothy D.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2021-04-16
- Volume
- 372
- Issue
- 6539
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC8244810
- OpenAlex
- W3142226569
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 200 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 81
- FWCI
- 81.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1U01NS113252-01)
- Pew Charitable Trusts
- Kavli Foundation
- Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund
- ASCRS Research Foundation
- Wellcome (204915/Z/16/Z, 201225/Z/16/Z, 204717/Z/16/Z)
- Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen (1U01NS113252-01, G096219N, C14/17/109, G0D7516N, C14/17/042, BB/P020607/1, SBF002, HBC.2018.2114)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- KU Leuven (C14/17/109)
- Vlaamse regering
- Fundação Champalimaud (204915/Z/16/Z, 951319, 295721, 286225, 223262)
- Koç Üniversitesi
- Research Council of Norway (National Infrastructure Scheme, NORBRAIN, grant number 295721, FRIPRO grant number 286225, Centre of Excellence grant number 223262)
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus
- Hermesfonds with a VLAIO Baekeland mandate (HBC.2018.2114)
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour
- Research Foundation Flanders (G096219N)
- Academy of Medical Sciences and Wellcome Trust (Springboard SBF002\1045)
- BBSRC (BB/P020607/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- chronic neural recording, miniaturized probe, site density, post-hoc correction, small mammals, mice, rats
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Algorithms, Animals, Brain, Electrodes, Implanted, Electrophysiology, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microelectrodes, Miniaturization, Neurons, Mice, Rats
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