Neuropixels 2.0: A miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings.
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Recording many neurons for a long time: The ultimate aim of chronic recordings is to sample from the same neuron over days and weeks. However, this goal has been difficult to achieve for large populations of neurons. Steinmetz et al. describe the development and testing of Neuropixels 2.0. This new electrophysiological recording tool is a miniaturized, high-density probe for both acute and long-term experiments combined with sophisticated software algorithms for fully automatic post hoc computational stabilization. The technique also provides a strategy for extending the number of recorded sites beyond the number of available recording channels. In freely moving animals, extremely large numbers of individual neurons could thus be followed and tracked with the same probe for weeks and occasionally months. Science , this issue p. eabf4588
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The weight of the Neuropixels 2.0 probe plus a headstage is about 1.1 g.
“The weight of the probe plus a headstage is about 1.1 g.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
Using two four-shank probes combined with a motion correction algorithm, the success rate of neuron tracking is more than 90% in 2 weeks and more than 80% for up to 2 months.
“Using two four-shank probes, combined with a motion correction algorithm, the success rate of neuron tracking is more than 90% in 2 weeks and more than 80% successful for up to 2 months.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
Based on Neuropixels 1.0, the team developed a more miniaturized Neuropixels 2.0 with more recording sites.
“Based on Neuropixels 1.0, the team has successfully developed a more miniaturized Neuropixels 2.0 with more recording sites.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
The Neuropixels 2.0 probe length is still 10 mm and the number of recording sites per handle is 1,280.
“The length of the probe is still 10 mm and the number of recording sites per handle is 1,280.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
The problem of stable recording of a single neuron on a long-time scale from several weeks to several months has been overcome.
“In the latest research, the problem of stable recording of a single neuron on a long-time scale from several weeks to several months has been overcome (Steinmetz et al., 2021).”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
The Neuropixels 2.0 probe consists of four slices inserted into the brain and a probe base.
“The probe consists of four slices inserted into the brain and a probe base (the voltage signal is filtered, amplified, multiplexed, and digitized on the base).”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
Compared with the 20 μm of Neuropixels 1.0, the Neuropixels 2.0 recording sites are arranged vertically in two columns rather than staggered, with a vertical center-to-center distance of 15 μm.
“Compared with the 20 μm of Neuropixels 1.0, the recording sites are arranged vertically in two columns rather than staggered, and the vertical distance from center to center is 15 μm.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
The four-shank version of Neuropixels 2.0 supports 5,120 recording sites and its headstage is miniaturized to about one-third of the size of those for Neuropixels 1.0.
“The four-shank version supports 5,120 recording sites and the headstage is miniaturized to about one-third of the size of those for Neuropixels 1.0, which is more suitable for chronic recording in a freely moving mouse.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
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“This result suggests that the representation of images in visual cortex, while overall stable (39, 48, 60) may exhibit some drift (61, 62).”
Long-Term Stability of Visual Pattern Selective Responses of Monkey Temporal Lobe Neurons
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“This result suggests that the representation of images in the visual cortex, while stable overall (39, 48, 60), may exhibit some drift (61, 62).”
Representation of visual scenes by local neuronal populations in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex
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Self-citationAccurate Localization of Linear Probe Electrode Arrays across Multiple Brains
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Self-citationTracking neurons recorded from tetrodes across time
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Representational drift in primary olfactory cortexPreprint
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Complexity of frequency receptive fields predicts tonotopic variability across species
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“…Musall et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019; Schröder et al., 2019; Stringer et al., 2019a; Liu et al., 2020; Sauerbrei et al., 2020), rats (Krupic et al., 2018; Gardner et al., 2019; Böhm and Lee, 2020; Luo et al., 2020), ferrets (Gaucher et al., 2020), and non-human primates (Trautmann et al., 2019).”
BackgroundStimulus-dependent representational drift in primary visual cortexPreprint
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Self-citationRepresentational drift in the mouse visual cortexPreprint
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“In these cases, we noticed substantial changes in the drift maps over days that were not consistent with a simple vertical drift but may have instead reflected neurons becoming more or less active over days (Deitch et al., 2020).”
InfluentialThe Argo: A 65,536 channel recording system for high density neural recording in vivoPreprint
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Self-citationCellular-scale silicon probes for high-density, precisely localized neurophysiology
Egert, D., Pettibone, J. R., Lemke, S. M., Patel, P. R., Caldwell, C. M., Cai, D., Ganguly, K., Chestek, C. A., & Berke, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00352.2020 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Accurate localization of linear probe electrodes across multiple brainsPreprint
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“The Neuropixels probe has seen rapid adoption and wide application in diverse species including mice (Evans et al., 2018; Vélez-Fort et al., 2018; Bennett et al., 2019; Kostadinov et al., 2019; Musall et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019; Schröder et al., 2019; Stringer et al., 2019a; Liu et al., 2020; Sauerbrei et al., 20…”
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Self-citationCMU Array: A 3D Nano-Printed, Customizable Ultra-High-Density Microelectrode Array PlatformPreprint
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Electrode pooling can boost the yield of extracellular recordings with switchable silicon probes
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Self-citationRetinal outputs depend on behavioural statePreprint
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Self-citationA hardware/software system for electrophysiology “supersessions” in marmosetsPreprint
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Flexible routing of motor control signals through neocortical projection neuron classes
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Self-citationMouseLand/Kilosort: Kilosort 2.5
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Self-citationElectrode pooling: boosting the yield of extracellular recordings with switchable silicon probesPreprint
Lee, K. H., Ni, Y., Colonell, J. I., Karsh, B., Putzeys, J., Pachitariu, M., Harris, T. D., & Meister, M. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/851691 · Cited by 1 · cited 1× · see citing works
“From a physical standpoint, connecting two distant sites to one recording channel ought to average the signals at the two sites, in principle allowing for recording from twice asmany sites as there are channels (63).”
Self-citation
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Training Spiking Neural Networks Using Lessons From Deep Learning
Eshraghian, J. K., Ward, M., Neftci, E. O., Wang, X., Lenz, G., Dwivedi, G., Bennamoun, M., Jeong, D. S., & Lu, W. D. (2023) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2023.3308088 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
“Ongoing advances in procuring largescale electrophysiological recordings at the neuron level can give us a window into observing how populations of spikes are orchestrated to handle credit assignment so efficiently and, at the very least, give us a more refined toolkit to developing theories that may advance deep lear…”
BackgroundToroidal topology of population activity in grid cells
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Self-citationOptogenetics for light control of biological systems
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“Drift correction is a complex preprocessing step that was described in detail previously 13 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationFlexible brain–computer interfaces
Tang, X., Shen, H., Zhao, S., Li, N., & Jia Liu, B. (2023) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-022-00913-9 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Large-scale two-photon calcium imaging in freely moving mice
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Self-citationLarge-scale neural recordings call for new insights to link brain and behavior
Urai, A. E., Doiron, B., Leifer, A. M., & Churchland, A. K. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00980-9 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“These linear probes with up to ~10,000 recording sites allow simultaneous recording of large neural populations spanning multiple areas 23,78,79 (Figure 3c).”
BackgroundRepresentational drift in primary olfactory cortex
Schoonover, C. E., Ohashi, S. N., Axel, R., & Fink, A. J. P. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03628-7 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Attractor and integrator networks in the brain
Khona, M., & Fiete, I. (2022) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00642-0 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Large-scale neural recordings with single neuron resolution using Neuropixels probes in human cortex
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“3a–c) 1,2,4 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOrganoid intelligence (OI): the new frontier in biocomputing and intelligence-in-a-dish
Smirnova, L., Caffo, B., Gracias, D., Huang, Q., Pantoja, I. E. M., Tang, B.-H., Zack, D., Berlinicke, C., Boyd, J., Harris, T., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Science · doi:10.3389/fsci.2023.1017235 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent advances in regenerative biomaterials
Cao, D., & Ding, J. (2022) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbac098 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The emergence and influence of internal states
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A unifying perspective on neural manifolds and circuits for cognition
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Neuronal dynamics direct cerebrospinal fluid perfusion and brain clearance
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Solving the spike sorting problem with KilosortPreprint
Pachitariu, M., Sridhar, S., & Stringer, C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.07.523036 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“5 and maintained in all subsequent ver-95 sions (see Methods of [9]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA midbrain-thalamus-cortex circuit reorganizes cortical dynamics to initiate movement
Inagaki, H., Chen, S., Ridder, M. C., Sah, P., Li, N., Yang, Z., Hasanbegović, H., Gao, Z., Gerfen, C. R., & Svoboda, K. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.006 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Extracellular spikes were recorded using Janelia silicon probes (HH-2) with two shanks (32 channels each, 25 mm interval between channel, 250 mm between shanks), or Neuropixels probes (Jun et al., 2017b; Liu et al., 2021; Steinmetz et al., 2021).”
Self-citationA brain-wide map of neural activity during complex behaviour
Meshulam, L., Angelaki, D. E., Benson, J., McRoberts, I., Noel, J., Arlandis, J., Bonacchi, N., Bougrova, K., Catarino, J. A., Cazettes, F., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09235-0 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“In brief, spike sorting was performed using a modified version of the Kilosort 2.5 algorithm 14 .”
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Identifying behavioral structure from deep variational embeddings of animal motion
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Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer
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Fluorescence imaging of large-scale neural ensemble dynamics
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“For such studies of neural dynamics, large-scale optical recordings routinely exceed the numbers of cells that can bemonitored simultaneously by cutting-edge electrophysiological methods (Steinmetz et al., 2021).”
BackgroundRepresentational drift: Emerging theories for continual learning and experimental future directions
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“Recent advances in experimental recording techniques have made it possible to record large populations of neurons with high spatial resolution [1,2,3].”
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Multifunctional microelectronic fibers enable wireless modulation of gut and brain neural circuits
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Self-citationTwo-photon calcium imaging of neuronal activity
Grienberger, C., Giovannucci, A., Zeiger, W., & Portera‐Cailliau, C. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00147-1 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Implantable intracortical microelectrodes: reviewing the present with a focus on the future
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Preserved neural dynamics across animals performing similar behaviour
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“38,66) for approximately one month, following habituation to head-fixation and the recording setup.”
Self-citationTracking neural activity from the same cells during the entire adult life of mice
Zhao, S., Tang, X., Tian, W., Partarrieu, S., Liu, R., Shen, H., Lee, J. Y., Guo, S., Lin, Z., & Jia Liu, B. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01267-x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
High-density single-unit human cortical recordings using the Neuropixels probe
Chung, J. E., Sellers, K. K., Leonard, M. K., Gwilliams, L., Xu, D., Dougherty, M. E., Kharazia, V., Metzger, S. L., Welkenhuysen, M., Dutta, B., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.05.007 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationImplantable brain machine interfaces: first-in-human studies, technology challenges and trends
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Reconstructing computational system dynamics from neural data with recurrent neural networks
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MXene-Enabled Self-Adaptive Hydrogel Interface for Active Electroencephalogram Interactions
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Behavioral origin of sound-evoked activity in mouse visual cortex
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Self-citation3D spatiotemporally scalable in vivo neural probes based on fluorinated elastomers
Floch, P. L., Zhao, S., Liu, R., Molinari, N., Medina, E., Shen, H., Wang, Z., Kim, J., Sheng, H., Partarrieu, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-023-01545-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Flexible neural control of motor units
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Large-scale high-density brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates
Trautmann, E. M., Hesse, J. K., Stine, G. M., Xia, R., Zhu, S., O’Shea, D. J., Karsh, B., Colonell, J. I., Lanfranchi, F. F., Vyas, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01976-5 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“High-channel count electrophysiological recording devices such as Neuropixels probes 1,2 are transforming neuroscience with rodent models by enabling recording from large populations of neurons anywhere in the rodent brain 3–9 .”
Self-citationCMU Array: A 3D nanoprinted, fully customizable high-density microelectrode array platform
Saleh, M. S., Ritchie, S. M., Nicholas, M. A., Gordon, H. L., Hu, C., Jahan, S., Yuan, B., Bezbaruah, R., Reddy, J. W., Ahmed, Z., et al. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj4853 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Brain-wide neural activity underlying memory-guided movement
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Self-citationRecruitment and inhibitory action of hippocampal axo-axonic cells during behavior
Dudok, B., Szoboszlay, M., Paul, A., Klein, P., Liao, Z., Hwaun, E., Szabo, G. G., Geiller, T. C., Vancura, B., Wang, B., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.033 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Theory of the Multiregional Neocortex: Large-Scale Neural Dynamics and Distributed Cognition
Wang, X.-J. (2022) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-035434 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“At the same time, simultaneous recording from many neurons in multiple brain regions of behaving animals has become feasible (Dotson et al. 2017), especially with the invention of Neuropixels ( Jun et al. 2017, Steinmetz et al. 2021).”
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Bioelectronic Implantable Devices for Physiological Signal Recording and Closed‐Loop Neuromodulation
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Self-citationMultisensory coding of angular head velocity in the retrosplenial cortex
Keshavarzi, S., Bracey, E. F., Faville, R., Campagner, D., Tyson, A. L., Lenzi, S. C., Branco, T., & Margrie, T. W. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.031 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A high-density 1,024-channel probe for brain-wide recordings in non-human primates
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High-density soft bioelectronic fibres for multimodal sensing and stimulation
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Self-citationToroidal topology of population activity in grid cellsPreprint
Gardner, R. J., Hermansen, E., Pachitariu, M., Burak, Y., Baas, N. A., Dunn, B. A., Moser, M., & Moser, E. I. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.25.432776 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationSpike sorting: new trends and challenges of the era of high-density probes
Buccino, A. P., Garcia, S., & Yger, P. (2022) · Progress in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac6b96 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In figure 2(B), for example, one can see the activity of the neurons as function of time, recorded by a Neuropixels probe in vivo [83].”
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Self-citationImaging whole-brain activity to understand behaviour
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Three-dimensional liquid metal-based neuro-interfaces for human hippocampal organoids
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Accurate determination of marker location within whole-brain microscopy images
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Cell-type-specific population dynamics of diverse reward computations
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“67) followed by manual curation in Python (www. github.com/cortex-lab/phy) for data from M1 and using the Plexon Offline Sorter (v.3.3.5; Plexon Inc.) for data from M2.”
MethodInfluentialSignal acquisition of brain–computer interfaces: A medical-engineering crossover perspective review
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“Notably, in 2021, researchers introduced Neuropixels 2.0, which enables more stable and prolonged recording compared to its pre-decessor [167] .”
InfluentialMultiregion neuronal activity: the forest and the trees
Machado, T. A., Kauvar, I., & Deisseroth, K. A. (2022) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00634-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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Flexible, scalable, high channel count stereo-electrode for recording in the human brain
Lee, K., Paulk, A. C., Ro, Y. G., Cleary, D. R., Tonsfeldt, K. J., Kfir, Y., Pezaris, J. S., Tchoe, Y., Lee, J., Bourhis, A. M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43727-9 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Other electrodes that can record single units from the human brain and afford high-resolution spatial mapping of single-cell activity include the Utah array 19 and Neuropixels 20,21 with up to hundreds of channels 22,23 .”
BackgroundMetal microdrive and head cap system for silicon probe recovery in freely moving rodent
Vöröslakos, M., Petersen, P. C., Vöröslakos, B., & Buzsáki, G. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.65859 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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BackgroundInterfacing Biology and Electronics with Memristive Materials
Tzouvadaki, I., Gkoupidenis, P., Vassanelli, S., Wang, S., & Prodromakis, T. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202210035 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationHectoSTAR μLED Optoelectrodes for Large‐Scale, High‐Precision In Vivo Opto‐Electrophysiology
Vöröslakos, M., Kim, K., Slager, N., Ko, E., Oh, S., Parizi, S. S., Hendrix, B., Seymour, J. P., Wise, K. D., Buzsáki, G., et al. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202105414 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Grid-cell modules remain coordinated when neural activity is dissociated from external sensory cues
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Self-citationAdvocating for neurodata privacy and neurotechnology regulation
Yuste, R. (2023) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-023-00873-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The procedure details how to use a modified electrical probe 2 to record neuronal activity during tumor resections and deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode placements in patients with Parkinson’s disease.”
MethodLeft–right-alternating theta sweeps in entorhinal–hippocampal maps of space
Vollan, A. Z., Gardner, R. J., Moser, M., & Moser, E. I. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08527-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Instruments and procedures were similar to those described for Neu-ropixels recordings used in the lab 5,26,27,68 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationAccurate Localization of Linear Probe Electrode Arrays across Multiple Brains
Liu, L. D., Chen, S., Hou, H., West, S. J., Faulkner, M., Economo, M. N., Li, N., & Svoboda, K. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0241-21.2021 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Neuropixels probes (Jun et al., 2017; Steinmetz et al., 2021) provide recordings across 960 recording electrodes distributed over 9.6 mm shanks.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMulti-Regional Module-Based Signal Transmission in Mouse Visual Cortex
Jia, X., Siegle, J. H., Durand, S., Heller, G. R., Ramirez, T. K., Koch, C., & Olsen, S. R. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.027 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Long-term stability of single neuron activity in the motor system
Jensen, K. T., Harpaz, N. K., Dhawale, A. K., Wolff, S. B. E., & Ölveczky, B. P. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01194-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“We therefore expect that our understanding of neural stability will benefit further from recent impressive advances in recording technology (Chung et al., 2019; Hong and Lieber, 2019; Steinmetz et al., 2021), especially if such advances can eventually be combined with methods for chronic recordings to track changes in…”
MethodNeural interface systems with on-device computing: machine learning and neuromorphic architectures
Yoo, J., & Shoaran, M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.012 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Mouse frontal cortex mediates additive multisensory decisions
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Self-citationObject-centered population coding in CA1 of the hippocampus
Nagelhus, A., Andersson, S. O., Cogno, S. G., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationCell-type-specific propagation of visual flicker
Schneider, M., Τζάνου, Α., Uran, C., & Vinck, M. A. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112492 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
How our understanding of memory replay evolves
Chen, Z. S., & Wilson, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00454.2022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
First Organoid Intelligence (OI) workshop to form an OI community
Pantoja, I. E. M., Smirnova, L., Muotri, A. R., Wahlin, K. J., Kahn, J., Boyd, J. L., Gracias, D. H., Harris, T. D., Cohen‐Karni, T., Caffo, B. S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1116870 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“0 probes (Steinmetz et al., 2021), which are small enough to accommodate more than 10,000 channels in a freely moving mouse.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTracking neurons across days with high-density probes
van Beest, E. H., Bimbard, C., Fabre, J. M., Dodgson, S. W., Takács, F., Coen, P., Lebedeva, A., Harris, K. D., & Carandini, M. (2024) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-024-02440-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“To develop and test UnitMatch, we used 1,350 recordings performed over multiple days (up to 235 days from a single probe) in mice implanted with chronic Neuropixels probes 31,35,41 in multiple brain regions including cortex, hippocampus, striatum and superior colliculus (Extended Data Table 1).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEmerging imaging methods to study whole-brain function in rodent models
Markicevic, M., Savvateev, I., Grimm, C., & Zerbi, V. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01575-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Solving brain circuit function and dysfunction with computational modeling and optogenetic fMRI
Lee, J. H., Liu, Q., & Dadgar‐Kiani, E. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abq3868 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Multi-State Memristors and Their Applications: An Overview
Wang, C., Si, Z., Jiang, X., Malik, A., Pan, Y., Stathopoulos, S., Serb, A., Wang, S., Prodromakis, T., & Papavassiliou, C. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2022.3223295 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The state-of-the-art neural probe technologies today support implantation of over 10,000 microelectrodes acquiring a large volume of data from the brain [86], [87].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMultimodal charting of molecular and functional cell states via in situ electro-sequencing
Li, Q., Lin, Z., Liu, R., Tang, X., Huang, J., He, Y., Sui, X., Tian, W., Shen, H., Zhou, H., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.023 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Acute head-fixed recordings in awake mice with multiple Neuropixels probes
Durand, S., Heller, G. R., Ramirez, T. K., Luviano, J., Williford, A., Sullivan, D. T., Cahoon, A., Farrell, C., Groblewski, P. A., Bennett, C., et al. (2022) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-022-00768-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Cousa objective: a long-working distance air objective for multiphoton imaging in vivo
Yu, C., Yu, Y., Adsit, L. M., Chang, J. T.-H., Barchini, J., Moberly, A. H., Benisty, H., Kim, J., Young, B., Heng, K., et al. (2023) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-023-02098-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Abe, T., Kinsella, I., Saxena, S., Buchanan, E. K., Couto, J., Briggs, J., Kitt, S. L., Glassman, R., Zhou, J., Paninski, L., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.018 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nonlinear manifolds underlie neural population activity during behaviourPreprint
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Self-citationEngineering strategies towards overcoming bleeding and glial scar formation around neural probes
Otte, E., Vlachos, A., & Asplund, M. (2022) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-021-03567-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Curiosity-driven exploration: foundations in neuroscience and computational modeling
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“It is thus crucial to collect high-resolution neural data [120] to begin to understand how dynamic signals in neural circuits implement computations related to curiosity.”
Self-citationWireless Battery-free and Fully Implantable Organ Interfaces
Bhatia, A., Hanna, J., Stuart, T., Kasper, K. A., Clausen, D. M., & Gutruf, P. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00425 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Durá-Bernal, S., Neymotin, S. A., Suter, B. A., Dacre, J., Moreira, J. V. S., Urdapilleta, E., Schiemann, J. M., Duguid, I., Shepherd, G. M., & Lytton, W. W. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112574 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Beau, M., Herzfeld, D. J., Naveros, F., Hemelt, M. E., D’Agostino, F., Oostland, M., Sánchez‐López, Á., Chung, Y. Y., Maibach, M., Kyranakis, S., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.01.041 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationHenschke, J. U., & Pakan, J. M. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1165307 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“This has arisen from the development of advanced microscopy and electrophysiological techniques for recording neural activity while simultaneously probing and manipulating circuit elements (Dombeck et al., 2007; Fois et al., 2014; Steinmetz et al., 2021).”
MethodMicroscale Physiological Events on the Human Cortical Surface
Paulk, A. C., Yang, J. C., Cleary, D. R., Soper, D. J., Halgren, M., O’Donnell, A. R., Lee, S., Ganji, M., Ro, Y. G., Oh, H., et al. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab040 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…recording (including novel microelectrodes) and analytic approaches have been used to explore axonal action potentials (Robbins et al. 2013; Stuart and Spruston 2015; Jun et al. 2017), dendritic calcium spikes (Ross 2015; Suzuki and Larkum 2017; Golding et al. 2018), and backpropagating…”
BackgroundMethod
- Authors
- Steinmetz, N. A., Aydin, C., Lebedeva, A., Okun, M., Pachitariu, M., Bauza, M., Beau, M., Bhagat, J., Böhm, C., Broux, M., Chen, S., Colonell, J., Gardner, R. J., Karsh, B., Kloosterman, F., Kostadinov, D., Mora-Lopez, C., O’Callaghan, J., Park, J., Putzeys, J., Sauerbrei, B., van Daal, R. J. J., Vollan, A. Z., Wang, S., Welkenhuysen, M., Ye, Z., Dudman, J. T., Dutta, B., Hantman, A. W., Harris, K. D., Lee, A. K., Moser, E. I., O’Keefe, J., Renart, A., Svoboda, K., Häusser, M., Haesler, S., Carandini, M., & Harris, T. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
- University College London (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (BE)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
- IMEC, Leuven, Belgium.
- IMEC (BE)
- Champalimaud Foundation (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Steinmetz, Nicholas A.
- Lebedeva, Anna
- Okun, Michael
- Pachitariu, Marius
- Carandini, Matteo
- Harris, Timothy D.
- ORCID
- Steinmetz, Nicholas A.
- Aydin, Cagatay
- Lebedeva, Anna
- Okun, Michael
- Pachitariu, Marius
- Bauza, Marius
- Beau, Maxime
- Bhagat, Jai
- Böhm, Claudia
- Broux, Martijn
- Chen, Susu
- Colonell, Jennifer
- Gardner, Richard J.
- Karsh, Bill
- Kloosterman, Fabian
- Kostadinov, Dimitar
- Park, Junchol
- Putzeys, Jan
- Sauerbrei, Britton
- van Daal, Rik J. J.
- Vollan, Abraham Z.
- Wang, Shiwei
- Welkenhuysen, Marleen
- Ye, Zhiwen
- Dudman, Joshua T.
- Hantman, Adam W.
- Lee, Albert K.
- Moser, Edvard I.
- O’Keefe, John
- Renart, Alfonso
- Svoboda, Karel
- Häusser, Michael
- Haesler, Sebastian
- Carandini, Matteo
- Harris, Timothy D.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2021-04-16
- Volume
- 372
- Issue
- 6539
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC8244810
- OpenAlex
- W3142226569
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 200 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 81.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1U01NS113252-01)
- Pew Charitable Trusts
- Kavli Foundation
- Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund
- ASCRS Research Foundation
- Wellcome (204915/Z/16/Z, 201225/Z/16/Z, 204717/Z/16/Z)
- Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen (1U01NS113252-01, G096219N, C14/17/109, G0D7516N, C14/17/042, BB/P020607/1, SBF002, HBC.2018.2114)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- KU Leuven (C14/17/109)
- Vlaamse regering
- Fundação Champalimaud (204915/Z/16/Z, 951319, 295721, 286225, 223262)
- Koç Üniversitesi
- Research Council of Norway (National Infrastructure Scheme, NORBRAIN, grant number 295721, FRIPRO grant number 286225, Centre of Excellence grant number 223262)
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus
- Hermesfonds with a VLAIO Baekeland mandate (HBC.2018.2114)
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour
- Research Foundation Flanders (G096219N)
- Academy of Medical Sciences and Wellcome Trust (Springboard SBF002\1045)
- BBSRC (BB/P020607/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- chronic neural recording, miniaturized probe, site density, post-hoc correction, small mammals, mice, rats
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Algorithms, Animals, Brain, Electrodes, Implanted, Electrophysiology, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microelectrodes, Miniaturization, Neurons, Mice, Rats
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