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Neuropixels 2.0: A miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings.
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Recording many neurons for a long time: The ultimate aim of chronic recordings is to sample from the same neuron over days and weeks. However, this goal has been difficult to achieve for large populations of neurons. Steinmetz et al. describe the development and testing of Neuropixels 2.0. This new electrophysiological recording tool is a miniaturized, high-density probe for both acute and long-term experiments combined with sophisticated software algorithms for fully automatic post hoc computational stabilization. The technique also provides a strategy for extending the number of recorded sites beyond the number of available recording channels. In freely moving animals, extremely large numbers of individual neurons could thus be followed and tracked with the same probe for weeks and occasionally months. Science , this issue p. eabf4588
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“The weight of the probe plus a headstage is about 1.1 g.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Using two four-shank probes, combined with a motion correction algorithm, the success rate of neuron tracking is more than 90% in 2 weeks and more than 80% successful for up to 2 months.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Based on Neuropixels 1.0, the team has successfully developed a more miniaturized Neuropixels 2.0 with more recording sites.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The length of the probe is still 10 mm and the number of recording sites per handle is 1,280.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“In the latest research, the problem of stable recording of a single neuron on a long-time scale from several weeks to several months has been overcome (Steinmetz et al., 2021).”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The probe consists of four slices inserted into the brain and a probe base (the voltage signal is filtered, amplified, multiplexed, and digitized on the base).”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Compared with the 20 μm of Neuropixels 1.0, the recording sites are arranged vertically in two columns rather than staggered, and the vertical distance from center to center is 15 μm.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“The four-shank version supports 5,120 recording sites and the headstage is miniaturized to about one-third of the size of those for Neuropixels 1.0, which is more suitable for chronic recording in a freely moving mouse.”
From Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits (2021) · cites this paper as Steinmetz et al., 2021
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iCSD can produce spurious results in dense electrode arraysPreprint
Tharayil, J., Neufeld, E., & Reimann, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.02.651822
“Our analytical investigations have suggested that such inhomogeneities might be particularly problematic for high-density electrode arrays, such as the recently developed Neuropixels probes [16, 17].”
Magnetoreception - The mechanisms, molecules and circuits
Balay, S. D., Kapuruge, T. N., Denton, A. T., & Keays, D. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29068-8.00139-2
Liang, J., Li, X., Wang, X., Tao, T. H., & Zhou, Z. (2026) · 2026 IEEE 39th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) · doi:10.1109/mems64181.2026.11419618
“…as stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) leads and high-density depth probes can be advanced directly into deep nuclei, but their mechanical mismatch with soft brain tissue and straight-line insertion trajectories raise the risk of local damage and limit the extent of accessible surface area [1,2].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Steinmetz, N. A., Aydin, C., Lebedeva, A., Okun, M., Pachitariu, M., Bauza, M., Beau, M., Bhagat, J., Böhm, C., Broux, M., Chen, S., Colonell, J., Gardner, R. J., Karsh, B., Kloosterman, F., Kostadinov, D., Mora-Lopez, C., O’Callaghan, J., Park, J., Putzeys, J., Sauerbrei, B., van Daal, R. J. J., Vollan, A. Z., Wang, S., Welkenhuysen, M., Ye, Z., Dudman, J. T., Dutta, B., Hantman, A. W., Harris, K. D., Lee, A. K., Moser, E. I., O’Keefe, J., Renart, A., Svoboda, K., Häusser, M., Haesler, S., Carandini, M., & Harris, T. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium.
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
- University College London (GB)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Neuroelectronics Research Flanders (BE)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (BE)
- IMEC, Leuven, Belgium.
- IMEC (BE)
- Champalimaud Foundation (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Steinmetz, Nicholas A.
- Lebedeva, Anna
- Okun, Michael
- Pachitariu, Marius
- Carandini, Matteo
- Harris, Timothy D.
- ORCID
- Steinmetz, Nicholas A.
- Aydin, Cagatay
- Lebedeva, Anna
- Okun, Michael
- Pachitariu, Marius
- Bauza, Marius
- Beau, Maxime
- Bhagat, Jai
- Böhm, Claudia
- Broux, Martijn
- Chen, Susu
- Colonell, Jennifer
- Gardner, Richard J.
- Karsh, Bill
- Kloosterman, Fabian
- Kostadinov, Dimitar
- Park, Junchol
- Putzeys, Jan
- Sauerbrei, Britton
- van Daal, Rik J. J.
- Vollan, Abraham Z.
- Wang, Shiwei
- Welkenhuysen, Marleen
- Ye, Zhiwen
- Dudman, Joshua T.
- Hantman, Adam W.
- Lee, Albert K.
- Moser, Edvard I.
- O’Keefe, John
- Renart, Alfonso
- Svoboda, Karel
- Häusser, Michael
- Haesler, Sebastian
- Carandini, Matteo
- Harris, Timothy D.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2021-04-16
- Volume
- 372
- Issue
- 6539
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC8244810
- OpenAlex
- W3142226569
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 200 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 246 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 81
- FWCI
- 81.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1U01NS113252-01)
- Pew Charitable Trusts
- Kavli Foundation
- Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund
- ASCRS Research Foundation
- Wellcome (204915/Z/16/Z, 201225/Z/16/Z, 204717/Z/16/Z)
- Agentschap Innoveren en Ondernemen (1U01NS113252-01, G096219N, C14/17/109, G0D7516N, C14/17/042, BB/P020607/1, SBF002, HBC.2018.2114)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- KU Leuven (C14/17/109)
- Vlaamse regering
- Fundação Champalimaud (204915/Z/16/Z, 951319, 295721, 286225, 223262)
- Koç Üniversitesi
- Research Council of Norway (National Infrastructure Scheme, NORBRAIN, grant number 295721, FRIPRO grant number 286225, Centre of Excellence grant number 223262)
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus
- Hermesfonds with a VLAIO Baekeland mandate (HBC.2018.2114)
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour
- Research Foundation Flanders (G096219N)
- Academy of Medical Sciences and Wellcome Trust (Springboard SBF002\1045)
- BBSRC (BB/P020607/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- chronic neural recording, miniaturized probe, site density, post-hoc correction, small mammals, mice, rats
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Algorithms, Animals, Brain, Electrodes, Implanted, Electrophysiology, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microelectrodes, Miniaturization, Neurons, Mice, Rats
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